Human Gas Exchange and Transport Flashcards
ts deck tooooo long (30 cards)
Name all the parts in the respiratory system?
- Ribs
- Intercostal Muscle
- Trachea
- Bronchus
- Bronchiole
- Alveolus
- Pleural membrane
- Diaphragm
- Pleural fluid
What are the specialised cells in the respiratory sytsem?
- Ciliated epithelial cells contain cilia (hair like structures) that sweep mucus containing bacteria and
dirt away from the lungs.
Define ventilation.
- Breathing or ventilation is taking air in to the lungs (inhaling) and expelling air out of the lungs (exhaling).
Describe the steps of Inhalation?
- Diaphragm contracts and moves down
- Intercostal muscle contracts and lifts the ribs up and out
- Volume of thorax increases
- Air forced into the lungs
Describe the steps of Exhalation?
- Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
- Intercostal muscle relaxes to drop the ribs down and in
- Volume of thorax decreases
- Pressure in thorax increases
- Air Flows from inside the lungs to outside from high to low pressure
Gas Exchange
Explain the alveoli
- The site of gas exchange in humans.
I-> The movement of oxygen and the movement of co2
Explain the movements of oxygen in the alveoli?
- Moves from the alveoli into the blood stream via diffusion from higher concentration to lower concentration.
Explain the movements of CO2 in the alveoli?
- Moves from the bloodstream into the alveoli via diffusion from higher concentration to lower concentration.
Explain the adaptation of alveoli for gas exchange.
–> Many alveoli - large surface area so more oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse across at the same time
–> Wall of the alveoli are only 1 cell thick - Short diffusion pathway for the oxygen and carbon dioxide
–> The walls of the alveoli are moist: So oxygen and C02 can diffuse easily.
–> Rich blood supply - Capillaries maintain the low concentration of oxygen and the high conc of CO2 to aid diffusion
Explain Breathing rate and Exercise (4 marks)
- Breathing rate increases
- More Oxygen is breathed into the lungs
- More oxygen enters the blood system at the alveoli via gas exchange
- More oxygen is transported to muscle cells
- More aerobic respiration can take place
- More energy is released
- More muscle contraction can happen
Therefore, person can exercise more
Affects of Smoking on the Lungs
–> Smoking damages the alveoli, reducing their surface area and reducing gas exchange (emphysema)
–> Smoking damages cilia, increases the chances of lung infections as more dust and bacteria enter the lungs
–> Smoke contains cancer causing chemicals called carcinogens
( also damages cilia, increases lung infections due to more dust entering lungs.
Correlation between Surface area : vol/ Gas exchange with single celled organisms and mammals
–> Single celled organisms have large surface area to vol ratios to meet their gas exchange needs.
–> Larger organisms have small SA: vol rations, they cannot rely on diffusion across their surface to supply oxygen to all cells
I-> Larger organisms develop specialised gas exchange systems
Blood vessel Types
Describe the Structure and function of the ARTERY
- Carries oxygenated blood away from the heart
- They have thick muscular layer to give strength
- Thick elastic layer to withstand high pressure
*They also have narrow lumens with higher blood pressure
Blood vessel Types
Describe the Structure and function of the VEIN
- Carries de-oxygenated blood towards the heart
- Contains valves to prevent backflow of blood
- Large Lumen
Blood vessel Types
Describe the Structure and function of the CAPILLARY
- Allows gas exchange
- Walls are one cell thick - less diffusion distance, with a narrow lumen
- Walls are permeable to allow diffusion of substances
- Carries de-oxygenated and oxygenated
Describe the 2 sides of the heart?
- The left side pumps OXYGENATED blood to the whole body
(More muscle) - The right side pumps DEOXYGENATED blood to lungs
(Less muscle)
What is the septum?
- The wall of tissue that separates the left and right sides of the heart
The Blood
Plasma
- A Liquid that contains digested food products: Glucose + Amino acids
- Liquid - so it can flow and carry things
- makes up 45-55% of blood comp.
- straw coloured
The Blood
Platelets
- Cell fragments that help w/ clotting
- Prevent pathogens from entering a wound
The Blood
Red Blood Cells, function and adaptations
Function
- Transports oxygen to all cells in the body
Adaptations:
- Biconcave shape to increase surface area -: absorb more oxygen
- No nucleus so that there is more room for haemoglobin
- Contains iron containing haemoglobin which bind to oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.
What is the effect of Exercise on the body?
- Heart rate increases
- More blood is pumped towards muscles
- More oxygen is transported to muscle cells
- So that more aerobic respiration can take place
- So that more energy is released
- So that more muscle contraction can happen
- So the person can exercise more
How does Coronary heart disease cause death / heart attack
-> Coronary arteries narrow due to fatty cholesterol build up
-> Reduced blood flow
-> Reduced Oxygen supply to heart cells
-> Reduced aerobic respiration
-> Anaerobic respiration starts
-> Lactic acid release denatures enzymes
Heart cell death
What can cause CHD
–> Too much fatty foods increases fatty cholesterol build up within coronary arteries
–> Smoking endothelial layer in coronary artery, increases the risk of fatty cholesterol build up
–> Carbon monoxide reduces volume of oxygen carried in blood increasing heart rate. Damages endothelial layer in coronary artery, therefore increasing the risk of fatty cholesterol build up
The Heart
Aorta
–> Carries oxygenated blood around the body
