Human Growth and Development Flashcards by CARLY PERALES

Created universal stages of psychological development with each stage representing a qualitative difference in the way people think

Piaget

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Concept that child constructs cognitive development

Constructivism

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How a child constructs knowledge about the world

Scheme

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patterns of organized thought or behavior

Schema

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learn from an existing scheme (using cognitive structure that already exists)

Assimilation

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modifying a scheme to incorporate new information (creating a new cognitive structure)

Accommodation

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balance of assimilation and accommodation in a new situation

Equilibration

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philosophy of the nature of knowledge

Genetic Epistemology

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Piaget- 0-2 Years old

Sensorimotor

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Piaget- 2-7 years old

Preoperational

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Piaget 7-11 years old

Concrete Operational

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Piaget 11+ years old

Formal Operational

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Piaget’s 4 stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational

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Piaget’s Stage: experiencing the world through senses, language used for demands and cataloguing, object permanence

Sensorimotor

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Piaget’s Stage: symbolic thinking, use of syntax and grammar to express concepts, imagination and intuition, conservation, not using abstract thinking yet

Preoperational

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Piaget’s Stage: concepts attached to concrete situations, time, space, quantity all understood and can be applied, but not as independent concepts

Concrete Operational

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Piaget’s Stage: Theoretical, hypothetical, counterfactual thinking, abstract logic and reasoning, strategy and planning, applying learning from one context to another

Formal Operational

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Demonstrated with beakers or water in different shapes

Conservation

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Only ___% of adults ever make it to the formal operational stage.

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THEE name in moral development who studied Piaget, but thought he needed more depth , so created his own Stages of Moral Development

Lawrence Kohlberg

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2 terms-doing the right thing due to parents/teachers, etc.

Heteronomous Morality/Moral Realism

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Understand rules are made by people and can be adjusted

Autonomous Morality

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Kohlberg says Morality is a decision, not a ______.

Trait

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Lawrence Kohlberg’s 6 Stages of Moral Development

Avoiding Punishment
Aiming at a Reward
Good Boy and Good Girl Attitude
Loyalty to Law and Order
Justice and the Spirit or the Law
Principled Thought: Universal Principles of Ethics

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Kohlberg's 3 Levels of Morality

1. Preconventional 2. Conventional 3. Postconventional

Created a psychosocial theory of identity development; believed that developmental stages are genetically determined. Said: A person tries to become what a parent or significant other wants, but we should strive to be unique and autonomous

Erik Erikson

The belief that developmental stages are genetically determined

Maturationism

Development proceeds according to predetermined steps or stages

Epigenetic Development:

Erikson's Stage: 0-18 months

Trust V. Mistrust

Erikson's Stage: 18 mo.-3 years

Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's Stage: 3-5 years

Initiative Vs. Guilt

Erikson's Stage: 5-13 years

Industry Vs. Inferiority

Erikson's Stage: 13-21 years

identity Vs. Confusion

Erikson's Stage: 21-39 years

Intimacy Vs. Isolation

Erikson's Stage: 40-65

Generativity Vs. Stagnation

Erikson's Stage: 65 and older

Integrity Vs. Despair

Virtue: Trust Vs. Mistrust

Hope

Virtue: Autonomy Vs. Shame and Doubt

Will

Virtue: Initiative Vs. Guilt

Purpose

Virtue: Industry Vs. Inferiority

Competency

Virtue: Identity Vs. Confusion

Fidelity

Virtue: Intimacy Vs. Isolation

Love

Virtue: Generativity Vs. Stagnation

Care

Virtue: Integrity Vs. Despair

Wisdom

Adolescents experimenting with roles can be called

Moratorium

Caring about others is called

Generativity

William G. Perry's 4 stages of Intellectual Development

1. Dualism- right or wrong 2. Multiplicity- everyone has an opinion so we are all equal 3. Relativism-reasoning through criteria/arguments 4. Commitment- making choices and committing to solution, using context for certain choices

Freud's Psychosexual Stages of Development

1. oral 2. anal 3. phallic 4. latency 5. genital

Freud's Stage: 0-12 months

Oral Stage

Freud's Stage: 1-3 years

Anal Stage

Freud's Stage: 3-6 years

Phallic Stage

Freud's Stage: 7-11 years

Latency Stage

Freud's Stage: Puberty onward

Genital Stage

Freud's Stage Conflict: clinging, addicted to TV, food, alohol

Oral Stage Conflict

Freud's Stage Conflict: too punitive/indulgent parents

Anal Stage

compulsive, stingy, excessively neat and orderly, condascending

Anal Retentive

messy, unclean, scatterbrained, impulsive, generous, poor handwriting

Anal Expulsive

Stage in which people have castration anxiety, oedipus or elektra complex

Phallic

How are oedipus/Electra Complexes resolved?

The child identifies with the parent of the same sex rather than competing with them

Stage in which the child is less self-centered and more interested in others

Genital Stage

Freud's Life Instinct and Death Instinct

Aros/Thanotos

Harlow infant monkeys separated from mothers and given surrogates of wire and cloth

Maternal Stimulation

Responsible for duckling imprinting= critical period, be attached to your mother now or never

Konrad Lorenz

Ritualistic behaviors characteristic of a species elicited by a sign stimulus

Fixed Action Pattern

Studied maternal bonding and attachment as well as birth order

Bowlby

born children have an advantage over peers and the highest IQ, most likely to attend college, more conservative

1st

self-esteem highest,difficulty bonding with peers

Only Children

study of mental changes over the lifespan

Developmental Psychology

Theories that can be measured quantitatively

Empirical Theories

changes are qualitative (Piaget is major proponent)

Organismic

3 Basic approaches to human development

1. Behaviorist 2. Structuralism 3. Innativism

how much do genetic factors influence physical or mental condition

Heritability

Responsible for Social Development Theory of Learning: Thought and language can’t exist without each other; Zone of Proximal Development

Lev Vygotsky

1st few weeks of life, babies driven by primitive needs

Normal Autism

Feels like a part of the mother - later results in independence

Symbiosis (2 months)

5 Months to Age 3: develops a sense of self, crawling away but looking back frequently

Separation Individuation Period

baby breaks out of “protective membrane” crawling away but looking back frequently

Psychological Birth

alternate feelings of closeness and need of distance

Reproachment

Human Growth and Development Flashcards

(78 cards)