Helping Relationships and Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
bumps on the skull
A
Phrenology
2
Q
Fluid in the brain and magnetism (France Mesmer)
A
Mesmerism
3
Q
Known as the “talking cure”
A
Catharsis/Abreaction
4
Q
Viennese Neurologist who relied on catharsis (talking cure) aka abreaction
A
Yosef Broyer
5
Q
A patient of Joseph Breuer who coined the phrase “talking cure” and was a major inspiration for Freud.
A
Anna O
6
Q
In a dream, this is the literal content and storyline.
A
manifest content
7
Q
In a dream, this is the underlying meaning.
A
latent content
8
Q
performed face-to-face and is briefer than Freudian Psychoanalysis
A
Psychodynamic Therapy
9
Q
Client cannot see analyst
Slow and expensive
Best for motivated individuals
Works best when client is not making major life changes and NOT good treatment for crises
A
classical Freudian Psychoanalysis
10
Q
In this theory the mind consists of 3 parts: the Id, the Ego, and the Superego
A
Structural Theory
11
Q
The part of the mind that holds dreams, slips of the tongue, neurotic symptoms, and free association
A
the Id
12
Q
Part of the mind: instincts inherited at birth, no morals, no organization, no sense of time biological drives
A
The Id
13
Q
Part of the mind: attempts to balance forces of the Eid and Superego
A
Ego
14
Q
Part of the mind: Moral standards the person tries to reach; The perfect person in terms of what the person’s parent’s want
Acts as the conscience
Moral code
Evolves through successful passing through of the oedipus complex
A
Superego- ego ideal
15
Q
Says the Psyche is made of 3 parts, conscious, unconscious, preconscious
A
Topographic Notion
16
Q
Part of the psyche that can be recalled if you try hard enough
A
Preconscious
17
Q
Part of the psyche that is -deep below awareness, only available through analytic techniques
A
Unconscious
18
Q
Type of psychology dealing with trying to reach the unconscious mind
A
Depth psychology
19
Q
Says behavior is determined by biological drives, instincts, etc.
A
Deterministic
20
Q
Conceal or hide the real source of anxiety and keep the Ego from being overwhelmed
Denies or distorts reality (unconsciously)
A
Ego Defense Mechanisms
21
Q
Freud’s defense mechanism: Unconsciously staying away from anything that may cause unwanted feelings
A
Avoidance
22
Q
Freud’s defense mechanism: Having an abusive mother, so later having difficulty with women teachers
A
Acting Out
23
Q
Freud’s defense mechanism: Refusal to believe or accept unwanted reality
A
Denial
24
Q
Freud’s defense mechanism: Transferring emotions associated with person or event to another less threatening person, object or situation
A
Displacement
25
Freud's defense mechanism: Dealing with emotional conflict or stress by splitting off or repressing some part of your personality or consciousness from your awareness
Dissociation
26
Freud's defense mechanism: Unconscious modeling of another person's values, attitudes, or behavior
Identification
27
Freud's defense mechanism: Use of thinking to avoid unpleasant feelings
Intellectualization
28
Freud's defense mechanism: Separation from emotions from precipitating event or situation
Isolation
29
Freud's defense mechanism: Attributing one's unwanted thoughts, characteristics, feelings to another person
Projection
30
Freud's defense mechanism: Attempting to justify one's behavior by presenting reasons that sound logical
Rationalization
31
Freud's defense mechanism: Adopting behaviors or feelings that are exactly the opposite of one's true feelings.
Reaction Formation
32
Freud's defense mechanism: Dealing with emotional stress by forcing out any thoughts, memories, impulses from conscious awareness.
Repression
33
Freud's defense mechanism: Substituting constructive and socially acceptable behavior for strong impulses not acceptable in their original form
Sublimation
34
Analytic Psychologist who thought libido was the life force, believed in a collective unconscious, and described archetypes. Also responsible for introversion/extroversion and word association.
Carl Jung
35
A social mask that hides deep feelings
Persona
36
Feminine side
Anema
37
Masculine side
Anemus
38
Myers-Briggs was based on his work
Carl Jung
39
Father of Analytical Psychologi
Carl Jung
40
Psychologist famous for Individual Psychology. Believed in significance of birth order, inferiority complex, and that humans strive to become part of a group.
Alfred Adler
41
A neo-freudian/ego psychologist who emphasized social factors and thought basic anxiety was due to a lack of love in childhood.
Karen Horney
42
To overcome insecurity, Horney said people do these 3 things in their relationships with others.
Moving toward, moving against, and moving away
43
The main goal of behavior therapy is to
overcome unwanted behaviors
44
The idea that even if you cure one symptom, another will take it's place unless you deal with the root cause.
Symptom Substitution
45
A behavior you can see
Overt
46
A process or feeling you cannot see
Covert
47
The first thing a behavioral counselor will do with a client is
take a baseline of the unwanted behavior
48
May also be called a Neutral Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
49
The most efficient amount of time between a conditioned and unconditioned stimulus is
.5 second
50
The meat and then the salivating in Pavlov's dogs are
unconditioned stimulus & unconditioned response
51
The bell and the salivating in Pavlov's dogs are
conditioned stimulus & conditioned response
52
The way that after a while of bell with no meat, the response will no longer occur is called
Spontaneous Recovery
53
Father of American Behaviorism who is known for the experiment with Little Albert
John B. Watson
54
11 year old exposed to loud noise paired with harmless rat- this experiment is called ______ and showed us you can learn a phobia
Little Albert
55
Paired fear with food to eliminate phobia showing that
| Fear can be unlearned
Mary C. Jones
56
Responsible for systematic desensitization- classical conditioning to unlearn habits/neurotic systems/behavioral repertoire
Joseph Wolpe
57
classical conditioning to unlearn habits/neurotic systems/behavioral repertoire is called
systematic desensitization
58
show the anxiety producing stimulus in the presence of relaxation/anxiety-inhibiting situation
Reciprocal Inhibition
59
Progressive Muscle Relaxation resulted from the work of
Joseph Wolpe
60
Said all problems are inhibition and used assertiveness training
Andrew Salter
61
Noxious UCS paired with undesirable CS- for example, nausea inducing meds with alcohol.
Aversive Conditioning
62
Deliberate exposure to anxiety provoking stimulus for 40-60 minutes with no feared consequence
Flooding
63
like flooding but in the imagination
Implosive Therapy
64
hooked to an electronic device monitoring bodily functions helping them to control their body
Biofeedback
65
This theory emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others
Social Learning Theory
66
Responsible for Social Learning Theory
Albert Bandura
67
Reinforcement not provided directly to the individual, but to the model- results in
cognitive symbolic mediational process or observational learning
68
exaggerate inappropriate behavior overtly or covertly
| (you can't shake with anxiety when you try)
Paradoxical Intention
69
Client engages in dysfunctional behavior when they would not normally do so- works well with nail-biting or blushing
Knight Dunlap Beta Hypothesis
70
Responsible for Multi-modal therapy
Lazarus
71
```
BASIC-ID
Behavior
Affective Responses
Sensations
Imagery
Cognitions
Interpersonal Relationships
Drugs, prescriptions, biological factors
```
All used in this type of therapy
Multi-modal Therapy
72
Responsible for Operant Conditioning
BF Skinner
73
Two ways to increase behavior according to Skinner
Positive or Negative Reinforcement
74
Two ways to decrease behavior, according to Skinner
Positive or Negative Punishment
75
Says that a reinforcer can be based on what a person likes to do
Pre-Mac Principle
76
To reinforce every instance of behavior (effective for new behaviors)
Continuous Reinforcement
77
To -reinforce every so often- avoids satiation/habituation
Intermittent Reinforcement
78
Certain number of behaviors are emitted before enforced
Ratio Schedule
79
Certain amount of time elapses before behavior is enforced
Interval Schedule
80
When a counselor goes from continuous to intermittent reinforcement it is called
Thinning
81
No power of its own, but takes on power because it stands for the primary reinforcer: i.e.
Plastic token that can be turned in for a reward, the smell of bbq, talking while feeding your baby, money
Secondary Reinforcer (learned or conditioned reinforcer)
82
lack of reinforcer (ignoring a behavior)
Extinction
83
To reinforce behaviors which approach the target behavior
Shaping
84
Responsible for REBT
Albert Ellis
85
Involves: Teaching (didactic) clients to think their way out of an emotional disturbance
Active/Directive- homework assignments
Reading books
Client is a learner
Men are disturbed not by things, but by the view they take of things
REBT
86
Illogical thinking: I must receive love and approval from all - you many want love, but you don’t need it
Absolutist Thinking
87
“frustration leads to aggression”
Millard Psychological Hypothesis
88
ABCDE theory
```
Activating Event
Beliefs
Consequence
Disputing
Effective new way of dealing with the problem
```
89
Who is responsible for Cognitive Behavior Modification or Self-Instructional Theory
Donald Michenbaum
90
Created depression inventory
Doesn’t like irrational ideas
Prefers Cognitive Distortions
Beck
91
Focusing on one detail of an event rather than the entire situation
Selective Abstraction
92
Conclude without support evidence and imagine the worst
Arbitrary Influences
93
Uses REBT and has the client complete a written self-analysis
Ideal for Multicultural counseling and chemical dependency
Cognitive Restructuring
Rational Self-Counseling
94
Theorist who was in Phenomenological Field- how the client views and experiences the world
Challenged directive approach
Rejected Freudian View of Mankind
Carl Rogers
95
Felt that Behaviorism and psycho-analysis are demeaning to humans
Carl Rogers
96
(integrated, authentic, genuine)
congruent
97
communicated to client, trying to grasp their experience in the here and now, turning client’s world into your own, identifying with it personally
Accurate Empathy
98
3 main characteristics of Person-Centered
Congruence (Most Important)
Unconditional Positive Regard
Accurate Empathy
99
Called Humanism a 3rd force- an alternative to psychoanalysis and behaviorism
Maslow
100
Responsible for Reality Therapy
Glasser
101
What are Success and Failure Identity?
Success Identity- self worth, meeting your own needs, and positive addiction (meditation for example.)
Failure Identity- Faulty perceptions and irresponsible behavior
102
Responsible for Transactional Analysis
Eric Bern
103
Made psychology fun and easy to understand
Goals for the therapy process
Parent/Child/Adult instead of Ego, Id, Superego
Transactional Analysis
104
According to Bern, this part of someone's identity includes attitudes and behaviors learned and incorporated from others
Parent
Critical Parent= shoulds/musts
Nurturing Parent- Supportive caretaker
105
According to Bern, this part of identity operates independently, concerned with reality, not emotional or judgmental, examines information logicalls and decides based on intellect
Adult
106
According to Bern, this part of identity is playful and spontaneous; self-centered, curious, affectionate, uncensored
Child
107
According to Bern this is creative, full of intuition, amateur untrained psychologist, great at reading nonverbal behavior, good at psyching out others, writing a novel, composing, designing, improving relationships
Little Professor
108
4 Psychological Positions in Life (Bern)
I’m Ok/You’re Ok- promotes mental health
I’m ok/You’re Not Ok- blaming others, criminal tendencies
I’m not Ok/You’re Ok- inept, inferior to others, causes depression
I’m not Ok/You’re not Ok-
109
3 Roles of the Karpman Drama Triangle
Rescuer (soothes the victim, needs to feel important.)
Victim (poor little me)
Persecutor (critical, controlling, blaming)
110
Who is responsible for Gestalt?
Frederick Fritz Pearls
111
Type of Therapy: forming of an organized, meaningful whole; Help person be aware of and reclaim fragmented parts (become whole); experiential rather than cognitive
Gestalt
112
Gestalt: causes clutter of the mind and inhibits awareness
Unfinished Business
113
Gestalt: feeling stuck like you can’t mature anymore
Impasse
114
Implosive/Explosive in Gestalt Therapy
Implosive- come in contact with deadness and lack of authenticity
Explosive- release pent up energy to become alive, real, authentic
115
Gestalt: Top Dog- moralistic, righteous, mean
Under Dog- passive, victimized, defiant and fights for control
The client plays these roles in two chairs
Can be done in a group with an audience (and hot seat individual)
Dialogue Experiment
116
3 Ego Defense Mechanisms that block authenticity
Projection, Introjection, Retroflection
117
Ego Defense Mechanism that involves assigning personal attributes to others or the environment
Projection
118
Ego Defense Mechanism: uncritically accept other people’s ideas, beliefs, and notions
Introjection
119
Ego Defense Mechanism: -taking something you would like to do to someone else, but doing it to yourself out of fear
Retroflection
120
"I/Thou" Relationship with the client (which types of therapy)
Gestalt/Existential
121
Became an existential therapist after his time in concentration camps
Victor Franco
122
Responsible for the idea of "I/thou" relationship
Buber
123
The goal of existential therapy
to restore meaning to life
124
What it is called when a person could be successful, but feel they have a loss of meaning in life
Existential Neurosis
125
not utilizing present moments in a productive manner
Existential Guilt
126
In Post Modern and Social Constructivism, reality is
Socially Constructed
127
In Post-Modern and Social Constructivism, the therapist is
Not an all-knowing expert but a consultant/partner
128
Type of Therapy: Assumes client has the ability to solve their problems
Must make them aware of this competence
Look for what IS working
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy
129
FFST- Formula First Session Task
Prescribe Homework between 1st and 2nd session
130
Michael White and David Epstein were responsible for
Narrative Therapy
131
Type of Therapy: We live our lives based on the stories we tell about ourselves and the stories others tell about us- problem saturated! Stories become self-fulfilling prophecies
Narrative Therapy
