Human Growth and Development Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
behaviors
A
individual responses or reactions to internal stimuli and external conditions
2
Q
biology
A
individual’s genetic makeup
3
Q
determinants of health
A
range of social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status
4
Q
Healthy People 2020
A
an evidence based 10 year report card describing health care accomplishments within the United States from the years 2000 to 2010
5
Q
infant mortality rate
A
number of deaths that occur before 1 year of age per 100 live births
6
Q
Leading Health Indicators
A
selected high priority issues
7
Q
life expectancy
A
average number of years a person born in a given year is expected to live
8
Q
physical environment
A
thought of as that which can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, and tasted
9
Q
social environment
A
interactions with family, friends, coworkers, and others in the community
10
Q
accreditation
A
process by which an institution is recognized as meeting specific predetermined standards of care
11
Q
Federal Register
A
Federal legislation concerning health care which is recorded and published
12
Q
health maintenance organizations (HMOs)
A
provide care for prepaid members
13
Q
homeopathy
A
the use of minute proportions of naturally occurring chemicals for their healing power
14
Q
informed consent
A
the nurse is responsible to sign as a witness that a patient has received info regarding risks, advantages, and alternatives available for a planned procedure in a language understood by the patient
15
Q
managed care organizations (MCOs)
A
attempt to standardize and control costs of health care
16
Q
Medicaid
A
benefits are provided on an basis of need or poverty
17
Q
Medicare
A
Benefits are received after contributions are maid through payroll deductions
18
Q
nurse practice acts
A
defines the scope of practice for nurses within the state
19
Q
Nursing Licensure Compact (NLC)
A
enables traveling nurses to function in multiple states
20
Q
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
A
requires standards of safety to be maintained by employers to protect the health and safety of employees and mandates the reporting of injuries sustained by workers
21
Q
plan of care
A
developed as a tool for multidisciplinary communication and can be an individual patient plan of care, a family plan of care, or a hospital care path
22
Q
political action committees (PACs)
A
influence legislation by offering monetary contributions to legislators who support their needs and by providing lobbying efforts to create and awareness of needed legislation
23
Q
preferred provider organizations (PPOs)
A
contract with professional to provide care to a specific group of patients at an agree-on-fee-for-service rate
24
Q
scope of practice
A
identification of and legal limitations to the usual and customary skills practiced by a professional
25
standards of practice
foundations of laws related to consumer protection
26
acculturation
adjustment to a new culture, results in differences in practice within the same cultural group
27
alternative medicine
therapies that are used instead of Western medical care
28
beliefs
cultural teachings of practice and values that are handed down for generations; deep
29
complementary medicine
therapies that are used together with Western therapies
30
cultural awareness
recognizing the history of patients' ancestry or culture and how their customs influence the handling of problems, issues, or teachings
31
cultural care
consists of health-promotion activities initiated by a culturally competent health-care worker
32
cultural competance
awareness of, acceptance, and respect for beliefs, values, traditions, and practice that are different from one's own
33
cultural interventions
achieved when health-care info is presented in a way that includes specific cultural styles, colors, pictures, symbol, and so forth, that add credibility to the content by
34
cultural sensitivity
observing and demonstrating knowledge or culturally appropriate verbal language, body language, use of personal space, and gesture of respect towards family members
35
cultural stereotyping
assumption that all the people in one culture behave the same thing
36
culture
set of learned valued, beliefs, customs, and behaviors that is shared by a common group and is passes through generations of family
37
ethnicity
cultural patterns shared by people with the same cultural heritage
38
ethnocentric
believing their culture, beliefs, and values to be superior to other
39
stereotyping
all people from a specific cultural or ethnic group behave or believe the same way
40
values
deep feelings about what is right or wrong, good or bad; most personal values are learned in a childhood and are influenced by a culture
41
blended family
one or both spouses bring children from previous relationships into a new family unit
42
cultural assimilation
process by which members of a specific culture group lose the characteristics of that group and adapt practices of another group
43
cultural relativism
concept that normality come from the standard social practices of a specific culture
44
culture shock
effect of a sudden, drastic change in the cultural environment of an individual or family
45
developmental stage
period in life characterized by the master of a specific skills or behaviors
46
developmental task
competency or skill that helps a person cope with the environment or advance personal development
47
dysfunctional family
a family that does not offer consistency of members or rules, may exhibit poor interpersonal relationships among its members, deal poorly with conflicts and problems, and often cannot reach out to the community for help
48
Facebook depression
common term used for the teen who overuses social networking to the point of altering sleep and eating habits and isolating himself from peers and family, eventually succumbing general depression
49
family
basic social system that involves commitment and interaction among its members
50
family systems theory
based on the understanding the family functions are interconnected
51
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
witnessing parental violence or any event that causes upheaval or disruption of family life
52
sexting
sending or receiving sexually explicit text message or picture
53
sibling rivalry
competition or struggle between 2 or more children in a family; usually for parental attention and love
54
theory
group of concepts that forms that basis for understanding observations
55
behavioral theories
designed to explain the development of specific behaviors and suggest their relationships to other developing social skills
56
behaviorist theory
learning and interaction with the environment is the center of development
57
classical conditioning
pairing things in the environment
58
cognitive theories
advancement of the development of theories
59
Electra anxiety
little girls compete with their mothers for the love and attention of their fathers
60
extrovert
outgoing person who focuses on others in the environment
61
humanist theories
describe the influence of human experiences such as love, and attachment on behavior and personality development
62
information-processing theory
info is input, is processed mentally, and is then followed by an output of judgement and decision making
63
introvert
quiet person who focuses inwardly on self
64
looking-glass self
self image is formed through 3 steps 1) imagining how we portray our selves to other 2) imagining how other evaluating us 3) combining these impressions to formulate a self concept or idea of what we are like
65
moral reasoning
development of a set of rules that enables a person to differentiate right form wrong; based on perception and integration of these rules
66
Oedipus complex
little boy compete with their father for the love and attention of their mothers
67
operant conditioning
involves behavioral consequences such as reward or punishment
68
psychodynamic theories
focus on personality-trait development of thinking
69
social-learning theory
involves exposure to and imitation of a behavior
70
sociocultural theories
how culture influences behaviors
71
apgar score
rating of heart, respiration
72
attachment
refers to an affectoinate tie that occurs over time as result of parent infant interaction
73
bonding
strong emotional tie between parent and newborn
74
chromosome
thread of protein and dna
75
dizygotic
fraternal twins
76
dominant gene
will over power a recessive gene
77
ectopic pregnancy
zygote does not move freely through the fallopian tube, can rupture
78
en face
face to face bonding with mother and baby
79
engrossment
intense focus on the newborn
80
fetal alchohal syndrome
mental retardation and abnormal facial features
81
fetus
developing baby
82
gene therapy
placing theraputic gene on virus vector
83
genome
complete set of dna in all cells
84
gestation
fetal life
85
gestational diabetes
diabetes during pregnancy
86
monozygotic
identicle twins
87
multifetal
twins triplets etc.
88
mutated
variations that can be abnormal
89
syndrome
group of symptoms or signs to abnormal condition
90
viable
able to survive outside uterus
91
virus vector
virus that can enter specific cells in the body
92
autonomy
independance
93
ceophalocaudal
progression of growth pattern
94
coping skill
behavior that helps person adapt
95
defense mechanism
reaction that is protective
96
development
indicates and increase in function
97
expressive
can say it
98
growth
increase in size
99
infant
4 weeks to 1 year
100
lenght
measured while infant is laying
101
nonverbal language
language of motions
102
norms
guidelines concerning the ages of at which specific skills are achieved
103
nursing carries
cavities that occur when the infant is put to bed while sucking on milk
104
object performance
knowing the object is there even though one cannot see it
105
ordinal position
only child, oldest, middle
106
personality
unique combo of characteristics that result in behavior
107
pincer action
enables the infant to grasp with thumb and finger
108
preverbal
first year of life
109
receptive
can understand it
110
dental caries
cavities
111
age appropriate toys
toys that are safe for age group
112
cooperative play
3 to 4 year olds playing together
113
corporal punishment
spanking
114
discipline
guiding
115
early childhood
1 to 6 years of age
116
immunity
bodys resistance to disease causing organisms
117
oropharynx
back of the throat
118
parallel play
plays next to friend but not with them
119
pincer grasp
pick up small objects with thumb and finger
120
preschool phase
2 to 6 years of age
121
time out
response to unacceptable behavior
122
toddler phase
1 to 2 years of age
123
cognitive style
pattern of thought and reasoning
124
middle childhood
6 to 12 years
125
mnenomic technique
rythm for remembering things
126
moral behaviors
actions based on moral behaviors
127
plaque
sticky mass that grows on teeth
128
social cognition
interact better with peers and can enhance their self concept
129
abstinence
avoid sexual intercource
130
adolescence
bridge between childhood and adulthood
131
asynchronous
different parts of the body mature at different times
132
clique
social group with fixed exclusive membership
133
ejaculation
release of sperm during an orgasm
134
empathy
understanding how others feel
135
menarche
first menstrual period
136
nocturnal emissions
ejaculate during sleep
137
ovulation
one of eggs finally matures and is released from the ovary
138
puberty
sexual maturity
139
secondary sex characteristics
not involved in the reproductive process but appear at this time
140
spermatogenesis
production of sperm
141
vigorous exercise
20 min of sweaty exercise
142
exercise
consists of specifically planned activities
143
hysterectomy
removal of uterus
144
intimacy
one of the major tasks for adulthood
145
intimate partner violence
domestic violence
146
PID
damage of this can cause ectopic pregnancy
147
physical activity
daily activities that use energy
148
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
the major cause of PID
149
structure
each "season of life" has a structure that is separated by transitional periods
150
testicular self-examination (TSE)
examining testicles to prevent testicular cancer and other diseases
151
transitional phase
choices are reviewed and reevaluated, and changes may be made
152
vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC)
controversial topic (idk)
153
young adulthood
20-40 years of age
154
climacteric
time in life in which hormonal changes result in cessation of the reproductive ability in the female and a corresponding decrease in sexual activity in the male
155
"empty nest syndrom"
gown children start to leave home for the first time and may increase the feelings of isolation
156
generativity
contribution in a positive way to family or community
157
hot flashes
may result when the capillaries dilate and blood rushes to the skin surface; body feels warm, the woman may sweat, and then vasoconstriction occurs and the woman feels cold
158
identity accomodation
changing the concept of one's own identity to fit reality, rather than what was dreamed
159
menopause
cessation of the menstrual period caused by hormonal changes in the body
160
middle adulthood
40-60 years of age
161
midlife crisis
may fear the inevitability of their own mortality which may lead to despair; try to make up for lost opportunities of the past or challenge the inevitability of the future
162
reproductive health
health of the reproductive organs in all persons
163
sandwich generation
must handle increased financial and emotional responsibilities related to their children and their older and possibly dependent parents
164
sexuality
involves beliefs and behaviors that surround physiological responses, emotions, and sociocultural values
165
stagnation
total concern for self and denial of the developmental process
166
assistive devices
walkers, canes, respiratory equipment, hearing aids, and electronic emergency-response devices
167
disengagement
removing emotional attachments to people, places, and objects which is part of the natural aging process
168
elder abuse
infliction of harm or neglect through actions or acts of omission
169
late adulthood
65-74 years of age
170
polypharmacy
ingestion of multiple medications in one day
171
relatedness
a sense of belonging
172
activities of daily living (ADLs)
bathing, brushing, dressing, and eating may need for the patient to be in a nursing home or long-term care facility
173
ageism
people of advanced old age avoided
174
Alzheimer's disease
involves loss of memory, disorientation, loss of the ability to communicate and function in social situations
175
apoptosis
the membrane surrounding the cell breaks down
176
atrophy
decrease in size; neurons atrophy during the aging process, and the transmission of impulses to the brain becomes sluggish
177
biological clock
during apoptosis, the debris is phagocytized (eaten) by surrounding cellular materials
178
free radical
one ion breaks off and is no longer paired
179
geriatrics
study of rapidly expanding age group has become a specialty in the health care field
180
immune theory
the end result is that the body's immune response is impaired which causes the aging person to be more susceptible to variety of illnesses or infections
181
osteoporosis
thinning of the bone
182
senescene
a period in an older adult's life in which the body begins to age and weaken
183
wear-and-tear theory
human body wears out and breaks down
184
Advanced health care directives (AHCDs)
used to inform health-care providers and family members of the wishes of the patient as related to the level of lifesaving measures or heroics to be used when the patient is near death and is unable to communicate
185
assisted suicide
action of a person other than the patient to facilitate suicide
186
euthanasia
intentional act (such has lethal injections of drug) which causes death
187
hospice care
program that supports the patient and family through the dying process and helps the survivors through the period of bereavement
188
therapeutic communication
involves accepting the patient's emotional outbursts and expressions of anger encouraging venting and verbalization
189
therapeutic presence
remaining near the patient and family, or simply holding a hand, provides strength while facilitating the expression of emotions and grief
190
anticipatory grief
grief that occurs before the loss
191
bereavement
involves grief and mourning
192
condolence
express sympathy or to grieve together
193
eulogy
a speech usually presented at the funeral ceremony intended to memorialize the deceased by including a condensed life history, details of interests and achievements at home and work, family memories, and a summary of what the deceased enjoyed in life
194
funeral
an activity shortly after death involving a meaningful ceremony to remember the life of a deceased
195
grief
emotional responses to a loss and is a process through which a survivor accepts the loss
196
legacy
grandchild, property, a culture, an organization, or writings
197
mourning
an outward expression of grief
