Human Growth and Development Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A
A pyramid structure representing human motivation through different levels of needs.
2
Q
What are the basic physiological needs according to Maslow?
A
- Oxygen
- Food
- Fluids
- Sleep
3
Q
What need follows physiological needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?
A
Safety and security needs.
4
Q
What do love/belonging needs refer to in Maslow’s hierarchy?
A
Support, caring, intimacy, and the need for belonging.
5
Q
What is self-esteem in the context of Maslow’s hierarchy?
A
A sense of worth, respect, and independence.
6
Q
What does self-actualization mean in Maslow’s hierarchy?
A
Meeting one’s own sense of potential and finding fulfillment.
7
Q
What are the four unconscious elements in Freud’s psychoanalytic theory?
A
- Covert desires
- Defenses needed to protect behaviors
- Dreams
- Unconscious wishes
8
Q
What are the three levels of the mind proposed by Freud?
A
- Conscious mind
- Preconscious mind
- Unconscious mind
9
Q
What is the focus of psychoanalysis according to Freud?
A
The unconscious mind and its desires, defenses, dreams, and wishes.
10
Q
What are the three components of Freud’s structural theory of personality?
A
- Id
- Ego
- Super-ego
11
Q
What does the id represent in Freud’s personality structure?
A
Basic instinctual drives seeking immediate gratification.
12
Q
What is the role of the ego in Freud’s theory?
A
To mediate the desires of the id with the requirements of the external world.
13
Q
What does the super-ego incorporate according to Freud?
A
- Conscience
- Ego ideal
14
Q
What is the super-ego’s function?
A
To produce feelings of guilt and encourage higher-order goals.
15
Q
At what age does the super-ego begin to emerge?
A
Around age five.
16
Q
What are the five psychosexual stages of development proposed by Freud?
A
- Oral
- Anal
- Phallic
- Latency
- Genital
17
Q
What is the focus of gratification in the oral stage of development?
A
Gratification through mouth/upper digestive tract.
18
Q
What major task occurs during the phallic stage?
A
Resolution of the Oedipal complex.
19
Q
What happens during the latency stage of development?
A
Sublimation of the oedipal stage and socially acceptable expression of drives.
20
Q
What is the focus of the genital stage?
A
Acceptance of one’s genitalia and concern for others’ wellbeing.
21
Q
What personality type is associated with the oral stage?
A
Infantile, demanding, dependent behavior.
22
Q
What personality characteristics are linked to the anal stage?
A
Stinginess and excessive focus on accumulating.
23
Q
What are the two primary elements contributing to personality development, according to Freud?
A
- Natural growth and maturational processes
- Learning and experiential processes
24
Q
What is cathexis in Freud’s theory?
A
The psychic energy attached to an object of importance.
25
What does anti-cathexis refer to?
The force that restricts the urges of the id.
26
Fill in the blank: The primary focus of psychoanalysis is on the _______.
[unconscious mind]
27
True or False: The ego is the dominant feature of personality according to Freud.
False.
28
29
What are the eight developmental stages in Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?
* Trust vs. Mistrust
* Autonomy vs. Shame
* Initiative vs. Guilt
* Industry vs. Inferiority
* Identity vs. Role Confusion
* Intimacy vs. Isolation
* Generativity vs. Stagnation
* Ego Integrity vs. Despair
## Footnote
Each stage represents a fundamental crisis that must be resolved before progressing to the next stage.
30
What is the age range for the Trust vs. Mistrust stage?
Birth to 1.5 years
## Footnote
This stage coincides with Freud's oral stage of development.
31
What psychological dangers are associated with the Autonomy vs. Shame stage?
* Immature obsessiveness
* Procrastination
* Ritualistic repetitions
* Self-insistent stubbornness
* Compulsive meek compliance
* Fear of loss of self-control
## Footnote
This stage occurs between 1.5 to 3 years of age.
32
What is the key task during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?
To free the child's initiative and sense of purpose for adult tasks
## Footnote
This stage occurs between 3 to 6 years of age.
33
What is a major developmental task during the Industry vs. Inferiority stage?
Mastery over physical objects, self, social transactions, ideas, and concepts
## Footnote
This stage occurs between 6 to 11 years of age.
34
What is the crucial task in the Identity vs. Role Confusion stage?
To create an identity and reintegrate various components of self into a whole person
## Footnote
This stage occurs during adolescence.
35
What psychological danger is associated with the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?
Failure to achieve intimacy can lead to stereotyped interpersonal relationships and distancing
## Footnote
This stage occurs in early adulthood.
36
What is the key task during the Generativity vs. Stagnation stage?
Develop concern for establishing and guiding the next generation
## Footnote
This stage occurs during adulthood.
37
What psychological danger is associated with Ego Integrity vs. Despair stage?
Despair, expressed in self-criticism, regret, and fear of impending death
## Footnote
This stage occurs in late adulthood.
38
What does Erikson's concept of ego strengths include?
* Hope
* Will
* Purpose
* Competence
* Fidelity
* Love
* Care
* Wisdom
## Footnote
Ego strength results from overcoming crises in each stage of development.
39
What are the characteristics of ego strength?
* Express a range of feelings
* Deal effectively with loss
* Gain strength from loss
* Engage in positive activities
* Exhibit empathy
* Resist temptation
* Admit responsibility
* Show self-acceptance
* Set limits
## Footnote
These characteristics help maintain good mental health.
40
What is the first stage in Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive and moral development?
Sensorimotor
## Footnote
This stage occurs from birth to 2 years.
41
What is the key feature of the Pre-operational stage in Piaget's theory?
Developing symbolic thought from sensory-motor thinking
## Footnote
This stage occurs from 2 to 7 years.
42
What is the main ability gained during the Concrete Operational stage?
Capacity to order and relate experiences to an organized whole
## Footnote
This stage occurs from 7 to 11 years.
43
What can children do during the Formal Operational stage?
Visualize events and concepts beyond the present and form theories
## Footnote
This stage occurs from 11 years to adolescence.
44
What does Kohlberg's theory of moral development extend from?
The work of Piaget
## Footnote
Kohlberg believed moral development is a longer and more complex process.
45
What are the three levels of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
* Pre-conventional
* Conventional
* Post-conventional
## Footnote
Each level has two stages revealing changes in moral perspective.
46
What characterizes the Pre-conventional level of moral development?
Moral judgments are framed by individual perspective and concrete reasoning
## Footnote
This level includes two stages focusing on rule following and personal interest.
47
What is a key aspect of the Conventional level in Kohlberg's theory?
Morality defined by expectations of close relationships
## Footnote
This level emphasizes maintaining trusting and loyal relationships.
48
What distinguishes the Post-conventional level of moral development?
Awareness that rules may conflict with individual interests and a willingness to act for a higher good
## Footnote
Few individuals reach this stage according to Kohlberg.
49
What are the four parenting styles identified?
* Authoritarian
* Authoritative
* Indulgent
* Indifferent
## Footnote
Each style influences children's development and behavior.
50
What is the impact of authoritarian parenting on children?
Children tend to have low self-esteem, be dependent, and possess poor social skills
## Footnote
Authoritarian parents enforce strict rules without discussion.
51
What are the characteristics of authoritative parenting?
* Provide boundaries
* Expect obedience
* Use love in discipline
* Involve children in rule-making
## Footnote
This style leads to higher self-esteem and good social skills in children.
52
What effect does indulgent parenting have on children?
Children have difficulty setting limits and respecting authority
## Footnote
Indulgent parents have few rules and stay involved.
53
What describes indifferent parenting?
Parents spend little time with children and lack guidance and discipline
## Footnote
This parenting style can lead to delinquency.
54
What is attachment in the context of child development?
The emotional bond that develops between an infant and caregiver through nonverbal communication
## Footnote
Attachment is crucial for trust and security.
55
What is bonding and why is it important?
Bonding is the emotional connection that develops in the first 3 years and is critical for healthy development
## Footnote
Failure to bond can lead to developmental delays.
56
What principle did Pavlov demonstrate in his experiments?
Conditioned stimuli can elicit conditioned responses
## Footnote
Pavlov linked stimuli to natural responses in dogs.
57
What is Skinner's law of effect?
Behaviors that result in satisfying consequences are likely to be repeated
## Footnote
Skinner's work emphasizes the role of reinforcement in behavior development.
58
What is the concept of schedules of reinforcement?
Patterns of delivering reinforcement to shape behavior
## Footnote
Skinner theorized about how reinforcement can be applied.
59
What concept did B. F. Skinner develop regarding infants?
The empty organism concept, proposing that an infant has an inherent capacity for action built into their physical makeup
## Footnote
This concept emphasizes that infants possess reflexes and motivations that initiate action.
60
What does the law of effect state in Skinner's theory?
Behaviors that result in satisfying consequences are likely to be repeated under similar circumstances.
61
How can behavior be halted according to Skinner?
By denying satisfying rewards or through punishment.
62
What are schedules of reinforcement in Skinner's theory?
Reinforcing a fixed percentage of correct responses or spacing reinforcements according to some interval of time.
63
What is intermittent reinforcement?
Reinforcing a desired behavior at irregular intervals.
64
What does feminist theory focus on?
Inequity in terms of gender, with females as victims of a patriarchal model.
65
What areas do proponents of feminist theory emphasize?
* Social and economic inequality
* Power structures
* Gender discrimination
* Racial discrimination
* Gender oppression
66
What do some feminists believe about the oppression of women?
It is inherent to capitalism or all forms of government based on patriarchal models.
67
What do feminists recognize as sources of oppression?
* Gender
* Social class
* Race
68
What is Carol Gilligan's morality of care?
A feminist response to Kohlberg’s moral development theory, emphasizing caring and responsibility.
69
What key concepts are included in Gilligan's morality of care?
* Reflects caring, responsibility, and non-violence
* Emphasizes interconnectedness and nurturing
* Stresses not turning away from someone in need
70
How does Gilligan's morality of care differ from Kohlberg's theory?
Kohlberg's theory emphasizes justice and rights, while Gilligan's focuses on care.
71
What are common emotional responses of the elderly to loss?
A range of emotions when experiencing loss or death.
72
What types of loss can elderly individuals experience?
* Loss of friends
* Loss of significant others or spouse
* Loss of social roles
* Loss of work or career
* Loss of income
* Loss of health
73
What percentage of the elderly live in nursing homes or assisted living facilities?
Only 4-6%.
74
What factors prevent the elderly from receiving mental health services?
* Strong values to solve their own problems
* Feelings of needing to keep issues private
* Negative connotations from past stigmas
75
What is the prevalence of mental illness among the elderly?
One in five elderly individuals experiences some sort of mental illness.
76
What are the most significant mental illnesses experienced by the elderly?
* Anxiety
* Severe cognitive impairment
* Mood disorders
77
What is the relationship between age and suicide rates in the elderly?
The older a person gets, the higher the rate of suicide.
78
What is one reason the baby boomer generation may have a healthier attitude toward mental health care?
They have been exposed to literature on psychology and healthy lifestyles.
79
What challenges do providers face when working with elderly clients?
* Difficulties with payment policies and insurance
* Personal issues about aging may surface
