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Biology (class 12) > Human Health and Diseases > Flashcards

Human Health and Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Secondary infection

A

Infection that occurs during or after the treatment of an infection (primary infection)

Disease by one pathogen + another disease by different pathogen

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2
Q

Reinfection

A

Getting infected by the same pathogen again

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3
Q

Nosocomial infection

A

Hospital-borne infection

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4
Q

Pathogen

A

Infection or disease causing microorganism

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5
Q

Pathogenicity

A

The ability of a pathogen to cause an infection/disease is called pathogenicity

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6
Q

Virulence

A

The degree of pathogenecity is called virulence

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7
Q

Invasiveness

A

Ability of the pathogen to invade the body cells and colonise

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8
Q

Toxigenecity

A

The ability of a pathogen to produce a toxin which can cause infection/disease

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9
Q

Incubation period

A

The time period between the entry of the pathogen and the development of the first visible symptom

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10
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of occurrence and prevalence of a disease is termed as epidemiology

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11
Q

Sporadic disease

A

Restricted to a particular (small) group of people

E.g. Food poisoning

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12
Q

Endemic disease

A

Restriced to a particular area

E.g. NEPA virus in Kerala

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13
Q

Epidemic disease

A

Rapid spread of disease in a given population within a short period of time

E.g. Cholera

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14
Q

Pandemic disease

A

Spread of a particular disease across the world

E.g. AIDS, Ebola virus, Corona virus, Smallpox, Polio (eradicated in 2018)

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15
Q

Direct modes of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms

A
  1. Contact
  2. Droplet
  3. Soil
  4. Transplacental
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16
Q

Direct mode of transmission- Contact

A

STDs- Sexually transmitted diseases
E.g. AIDS

AIDS is caused:
1. through sexual contact
2. infected needles and infected blood
3. transplacental (mother to foetus)

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17
Q

Direct mode of transmission- Droplet

A

E.g. Diptheria and Tuberculosis

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18
Q

Direct mode of transmission- Soil

A

Ringworm infection (Fungal/Mycotic infection)
All soil borne infections are usually mycotic infections

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19
Q

Direct mode of transmission- Transplacental

A

Hepatitis B (inflammation of liver)

Hepatitis A and Hepatitis C are water-borne

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20
Q

Indirect modes of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms

A
  1. Vectors
  2. Vehicle borne
  3. Fomite borne
  4. Airborne
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21
Q

Vectors- types

A
  1. Mechanical vector
  2. Biological vector
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22
Q

What are mechanical vectors + examples

A

Mechanical vectors pick up pathogens on the outside of their bodies and transmit them through physical contact

E.g. Tsetse fly carries Trypanosoma which causes African sleeping sickness

E.g. Aedes mosquito carries Flavivirus which cause Dengue

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23
Q

What are biological vectors + examples

A

One part of the life cycle of the pathogen takes place in the carriers or vectors and the other part of the life cycle takes place in the host

E.g. Female anopholes mosquito carries Plasmodium (underline) causing Malaria

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24
Q

Vehicle borne

A

Water or milk

E.g. Water- Cholera

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25
Fomite borne
Fomite- Inanimate objects which are used by the infected person are called fomite E.g. Chickenpox
26
Diphtheria- Causative agent Mode of transmission
**BACTERIAL DISEASE** *Corynebacterium diptheriae* (UNDERLINE) Mode of transmission: Droplet infection
27
Diphtheria: Symptoms
**BACTERIAL DISEASE** Symptoms: 1. Fever and chills 2. Rapid rate of breathing, noisy breathing (because bacteria colonise in the throat) 3. Sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, difficulty in swallowing
28
Diphteria: Prevention/Treatment
**BACTERIAL DISEASE** 1. Healthy lifestyle 2. Well ventilated room 3. Avoid contact with sick people 4. Avoid congested, polluted places 5. DPT vaccine: mandatory for babies. Diphtheria, Petrussis, Tetanus
29
Pneumonia Causative agent Mode of transmission
**BACTERIAL DISEASE** Causative agent: *Streptococcus pneumoniae* (UNDERLINE) Mode of transmission: Inhalation of droplets
30
Pneumonia symptoms
**BACTERIAL DISEASE** 1. **PERSISTENT** dry cough 2. High fever 3. Rapid rate of breathing 4. Sputum (spit containing microoganisms) contains streaks of blood
31
Pneumonia Prevention/Treatment
**BACTERIAL DISEASE** 1. Well ventilated room 2. Healthy lifestyle 3. Avoid contact with sick people
32
Typhoid Causative agent Mode of transmission
**BACTERIAL DISEASE** Causative agent: *Salmonella typhi* (UNDERLINE) Mode of transmission: Contaminated water or food
33
Typhoid Symptoms
**BACTERIAL DISEASE** 1. Sustained high fever (ENTERIC) 2. Abdominal pain 3. Constipation 4. Diarrhoea 5. Loss of appetite
34
Why is typhoid fever called enteric fever?
Because *Salmonella typhi* the causative agent colonises in the enteric region i.e. intestinal region of the body
35
Typhoid: Prevention/Treatment
**BACTERIAL DISEASE** 1. Filtered/boiled and cooled water 2. Wash vegetables/fruits before consumption
36
Plague: Causative agent Mode of transmission
**BACTERIAL DISEASE** Causative agent: *Yersinia pestis* (UNDERLINE) Mode of transmission: Flea bite
37
Plague Symptoms
**BACTERIAL DISEASE** 1. Fever 2. Chills 3. Fatigue 4. Swollen lymph nodes
38
Plague Prevention/Treatment
**BACTERIAL DISEASE** 1. Live in hygienic conditions 2. Remove clutter from homes 3. Rodent free homes and surroundings
39
Tinea Causative agent Mode of transmission
**RINGWORM INFECTION** Causative agent: *Microsporium Trichophyton Epidermophyton* (UNDERLINE) Mode of transmission When moist, warm area of the body comes in contact with the soil or contaminated fomite
40
Tinea symptoms
**RINGWORM INFECTION** 1. Mild irritation 2. Patch of inflammation 3. Scaling 4. Hair loss
41
Tinea prevention/treatment
**RINGWORM INFECTION** 1. Keep junctures of body parts dry 2. Personal hygiene 3. Wearing proper footwear 4. Avoid wearing tight fitting clothes
42
Common cold/Rhinitis Causative agent Mode of transmission
**VIRAL DISEASE** Causative agent: Cold viruses Mode of transmission: Fomite infection Droplet infection
43
Common cold/Rhinitis Symptoms
**VIRAL DISEASE** 1. Nasal congestion and discharge 2. Sore throat, dry cough 3. Headache and stuffy feeling in the head 4. Difficulty in breathing
44
Common cold/Rhinitis Prevention/treatment
**VIRAL DISEASE** 1. Proper personal hygiene 2. Rehydration 3. Steam inhalation 4. Cover the mouth and nose while coughing or sneezing
45
Chikungunya causative agent mode of infection
**VIRAL DISEASE** causative agent: Alpha virus mode of infection: bite of *Aedes aegypti* (UNDERLINE) mosquito (acts as a mechanical vector)
46
Chikungunya Symptoms
**VIRAL DISEASE** 1. Arthralgic disease affecting the joints of extremities 2. Myalgia i.e. pain in muscles 3. Generalised rash, nausea, fatigue
47
Chikungunya Prevention/treatment
**VIRAL DISEASE** 1. Stagnant water to be removed 2. Do not allow breeding of mosquitoes 3. Mosquito net 4. Intake of adequate amount of water
48
Dengue fever Causative agent Mode of transmission
**VIRAL DISEASE** Causative agent: *Flavivirus* (UNDERLINE) Mode of transmission: Bite of the female Aedes mosquito
49
Dengue fever symptoms
**VIRAL DISEASE** 1. Break bone fever- Severe pain in the bones and painful spasms 2. Rash, muscle and joint paint, headache (behind the eyes) 3. Flushed skin 4. Internal bleeding in the gut
50
Dengue fever Clinical manifestations
1. Thrombocytopenia- low platelet count 2. Interferon release- Interferons are anti-viral proteins released by the immune system during a viral infection to fight against the invading virus 3. Capillary permeability
51
Dengue fever Prevention/treatment
**VIRAL DISEASE** 1. Stagnant water to be removed 2. Do not allow breeding of mosquitoes 3. Mosquito net 4. Intake of adequate amount of water
52
Ascariasis Causative agent Mode of transmission
**DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHS** Causative agent: *Ascaris lumbricoides* (UNDERLINE) Mode of transmission: Contaminated food or water
53
Ascariasis Symptoms
**DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHS** 1. Vomiting 2. Abdominal cramps and pain (around the naval, radiating to the lower abdomen) 3. Intestinal obstruction 4. Biliary obstruction
54
Ascariasis Prevention/treatment
**DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHS** 1. Proper sanitary hygiene 2. Filtered, boiled and cooled water 3. Wash vegetables/fruits before consumption
55
Filariasis/Elephantiasis Causative agent Mode of transmission
**DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHS** Causative agent: *Wuchereria bancrofti* Exhibits sexual dimorphism- female larger than male Rhabditiform larva stage of the life cycle takes place in the man Mode of transmission: Bite of Culex mosquito (Biological vector)
56
Filariasis/Elephantiasis Symptoms
**DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHS** 1. Inflammation of lymph glands and nodes 2. Enlargement of limbs 3. Blockage of lymphatic circulation
57
Filariasis/Elephantiasis Prevention/treatment
**DISEASE CAUSED BY HELMINTHS** 1. Stagnant water to be removed 2. Do not allow breeding of mosquitoes 3. Mosquito nets 4. Intake of adequate amount of water
58
Amoebiasis Causative agent Mode of transmission
**PROTOZOAN DISEASE** in chronic stages it is termed as amoebic dysentery Causative agent: *Entamoeba histolyca* Mode of transmission: Contaminated by food or water
59
Amoebiasis Symptoms
**PROTOZOAN DISEASE** 1. Intermittent or profuse diarrhoea 2. Abdominal cramping- on or around the navel 3. Fever 4. Abdominal pain- generalised
60
Amoebiasis Prevention/Treatment
**PROTOZOAN DISEASE** 1. Proper personal hygiene 2. Proper intake of water 3. Filtered, boiled and cooled water 4. Washed vegetables/fruits before consumption
61
Malaria Causative agent Mode of transmission
**PROTOZOAN DISEASE** Causative agents: * *Plasmodium vivax* (most fatal) * *Plasmodium ovale* * *Plasmodium falciparum* * *Plasmodium malaria* Mode of transmission: Bite from female anopheles mosquito
62
Malaria Symptoms
**PROTOZOAN DISEASE** 1. Bouts of high fever with bed-shaking shivers 2. Headache and nausea 3. Muscle pain 4. Liver abscess
63
Malaria Prevention/Treatment
**PROTOZOAN DISEASE** 1. Stagnant water to be removed 2. Do not allow breeding of mosquitoes 3. Mosquito nets 4. Intake of adequate amount of water

Biology (class 12) (31 decks)

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