Reproductive Health

Question 1

What is infertility

Answer 1

Inability to naturally conceive a child is called infertility

Question 2

Causes of infertility in males + Remedy

Answer 2

Poor sperm production (less in number or defective sperms)

1. Azoospermia (no sperm cells are produced)
2. Oligospermia (few sperm cells are produced)

Remedy: Testes stimulated by Testosterone injections

Question 3

Causes of infertility in females

Answer 3

1. Poor egg production
2. Blockage between egg and sperm
3. Hostile response to sperm

Question 4

What leads to poor egg production?

Answer 4

1. Hormonal changes result in less number of follicle cells
2. Follicular cells are unable to mature into one graafian follicle (PCOD- Polycystic Ovarian Disorder)
3. Fimbriae is unable to pick up released ovum from the ovary

Question 5

Remedy: Poor egg production

Answer 5

1. Pills are given to stimulate the pituitary gland and ovaries to release adequate amount of hormones
2. Gonadotropin injections are given

Question 6

What causes blockage between egg and sperm?

Answer 6

1. Cervical mucus is too thick and the sperms are not allowed to enter the uterus
2. Blockage of the fallopian tube due to inflammation or infection
3. Damaged lining of the fallopian tube prevents it from propelling the fertilized egg to the uterus for implantation (Tube pregnancy/Ectopic pregnancy)

Question 7

Remedy: Blockage between egg and sperm

Answer 7

Surgery is the only remedial measure

Question 8

What causes hostile response to sperm?

Answer 8

The woman’s body produces anti-sperm antibodies (allergic response) against the sperm that enter the reproductive tract.
(NK cells- Natural killer cells that destroy the sperm)

Question 9

Remedy: Hostile response to sperm

Answer 9

Immuno-suppressive drugs are administered

Question 10

ART full form

Answer 10

Assisted Reproductive Technologies

Question 11

Artificial insemination

Answer 11

Semen is introducedinto the vagina or uterus of the female (IUI- Intra-uterine insemination)

Question 12

IVF

Answer 12

In-Vitro Fertilization

• The eggs are removed from the female and mixed with the semen in a test tube
• It is monitored for fertilization and embryogenesis
• Usually at the 8 celled stage (morula), the embryo is transferred ito the uterus of the female

Question 13

GIFT

Answer 13

Gamete Intra-fallopian transfer

Eggs and sperms are collected and then transfered into the fallopian tube
Fertilization takes place In-Vivo

Question 14

ZIFT

Answer 14

Zygote Intra-fallopian transfer

The fertilized egg with up to 8 blastomeres are transferred into the fallopian tube

Question 15

IUT

Answer 15

Intra-Uterine Transfer

The embryo at 8 blastomeres stage is introduced directly into the uterus
Fertilization is In-Vitro

Question 16

ICSI

Answer 16

Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection

• The sperm is directly injected into the ovum
• Fertilization is In-Vitro
• The embryo is then transferred either into the fallopian tube or uterus of the female

Question 17

Surrogate motherhood

Answer 17

• Sperm is collected from the husband and introduced into a surrogate woman at her fertile period
• If she gets pregnant, the baby is carried in her womb, full term and after childbirth, handed over to the couple.
• Here, only the father is a biological parent

Question 18

Embryo donation

Answer 18

If a wife is unable to produce healthy eggs, egg is taken from a donor woman and fertilized with the sperm from the husband and embryo is introduced into the wife’s uterus

Question 19

What is amniocentesis?

Answer 19

• Amniocentesis is a technique used to diagnose foetal abnormalities and genetic defects in a growing foetus
• Sometimes, this technique is used during the first trimester to find the sex of the child, subsequently leading to female foeticide

Question 20

How is amniocentesis performed?

Answer 20

Using a hypodermic needle, the amniotic fluid is extracted from the foetus and sent for biochemical analysis and karyotyping

Question 21

Gonorrhea

Answer 21

Bacterial STD

Causative agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 22

Syphilis

Answer 22

Bacterial STD

Causative agent: Treponema pallidum

Question 23

Chlamydia

Answer 23

Bacterial STD

Causative agent: Chlamydia trachomatis

Question 24

Herpes

Answer 24

Viral STD

Causative agent: Herpes simplex virus

Question 25

AIDS

Answer 25

Acquired Immune Deficieny Syndrome Viral STD Causative agent: *Human Immunodeficiency Virus*

Question 26

Genital Warts

Answer 26

Viral STD Causative agent: *Human Papilloma Virus*

Question 27

Hepatitis B

Answer 27

Viral STD Causative agent: *Hepatitis B Virus*

Question 28

Trichomoniasis

Answer 28

Protozoan STD Causative agent: *Trichomonas vaginalis*

Question 29

Symptoms of STDs

Answer 29

1. Itching in genitals 2. Pain 3. Swelling 4. Unusual fluid discharge By early detection, diagnosis, and medication, most of the STDs are curable

Question 30

Reproductive health

Answer 30

Total well-being in all aspects of reproduction i.e. physical, emotional, behavioural and social

Question 31

Natural family planning

Answer 31

1. Calendar method 2. Temperature method 3. Mucus method

Question 32

Calendar method

Answer 32

Natural family planning Sexual abstinence on the days when the woman is fertile. Failure of this system is very common because it is difficult to determine when a woman is ovulating

Question 33

Temperature method

Answer 33

Natural family planning The body's temperature takes a slight dip before ovulation and then rises by 0.5 or 1 degree Fahrenheit a day later

Question 34

Mucus method

Answer 34

Natural family planning This method is based on the fact that the mucus secreted by the cervix thins and increases in quantity at ovulation

Question 35

Lactational amenorrhea

Answer 35

1. During breastfeeding, the increased levels of prolactin suppress the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus 2. This, in turn reduces the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the pituitary gland. 3. Oxytocin release during breastfeeding helps to enhance the suppressive effects of prolactin on ovulation and menstrual cycles. 4. This suppresses ovulation, leading to the absence of menstrual periods.

Question 36

Artificial family planning

Answer 36

1. Barrier contraception 2. Intra-uterine devices (IUD) 3. Pills and injections 4. Sterilization 5. Medical termination of pregnancy

Question 37

Barrier contraception

Answer 37

Artificial family planning Male condoms Female condoms Vaginal diaphragm Spermicidal agents

Question 38

Intra-uterine devices

Answer 38

Artificial family planning placed in the womb to prevent the fertilized egg becoming implanted in the wall of the womb where it would grow

Question 39

Pills and injections

Answer 39

Artificial family planning Most effective method of contraception invented Saheli- Birth control pills Inhibits production of GnRH--> LH and FSH reduced * Inhibit ovulation * thicken the cervical mucus to prevent/retard entry of sperm * inhibit implantation

Question 40

Sterilization

Answer 40

Artificial family planning Male sterilization- vasectomy Female sterilization- tubal ligation/tubectomy

Question 41

What is MTP

Answer 41

Intentional or voluntary termination of pregnancy before full term is called medical termination of pregnancy or induced abortion

Question 42

Methods of MTP

Answer 42

1. Dilatation and Curettage: Cervix is dilated and implanted ovum is removed 2. Vacuum Aspiration: Implanted ovum is removed by vacuum aspiration. Can be done up to 12 weeks of pregnancy 3. Administration of Prostaglandin: Prostaglandin administered intravaginally which increases uterine contractions resulting in abortion.