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Human Key Terms Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Asylum Seekers

A

People fleeing their country of residence for international protection by another government.

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2
Q

Colonialism

A

Gaining control of another country’s politics and governance, for the benefit of the ruling state.

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3
Q

Diaspora ‘To scatter about’

A

People displaced from their homeland, voluntarily or forced.

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4
Q

Economic Theory

A

Governments will maximise ‘economic efficiency’ - a productive workforce and a developed financial market - if they allow the free movement of goods, capital and labour.

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5
Q

Embargoes

A

The limit or ban of trade between nations or participation within an IGO, often as a consequence of corruption or bad governance.

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6
Q

Failed State

A

A country of weak economic or political systems, leading to declining quality of life or conflict.

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7
Q

International Bank for Reconstruction & Development (IBRD) and World Bank Group (WBG)

A

Both offer loans and temporary financial assistance to developing countries.

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8
Q

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A

A fund of 189 member countries with the aim to aid each other to achieve financial stability and provide loans for development.

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9
Q

Nationalism

A

Populations have a sense of loyalty to their country of origin or residence, by identifying with national values and celebrating traditions or beliefs.

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10
Q

State

A

Territory that no other country has power or sovereignty of. As of 2016, the UN recognised 196 states.

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11
Q

Tax Haven

A

A location notorious for low taxes or profitable bank saving schemes, leading to an increase in offshore bank accounts here.

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12
Q

Bipolar World

A

Two superpowers exist, each with opposing ideologies.

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13
Q

Economic Alliances

A

Trade blocs that promote trade between members, offer each other financial assistance and loans and allow the migration of workers between states.

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14
Q

Emerging States

A

Countries that have quickly gained influence, developed and have notable culture. Emerging States may become superpowers in the future.

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15
Q

Frank’s Dependency Model

A

Describes neo-colonialism and how a country can gain control over a neo-colony through exploitation and economic dependency.

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16
Q

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

A

The investment of money, infrastructure or assets by a foreign government or business.

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17
Q

Human Resources

A

The available workforce and skills of the population, which can contribute to a country’s status.

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18
Q

Intellectual Property

A

The ownership of ideas and designs, such as patents and copyrights.

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19
Q

Mackinder’s Heartland Theory

A

Whoever controls the heartland (Russia, Eastern Europe and parts of South Asia) controls the majority of physical and human resources, and so will be a leading superpower.

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20
Q

Military Alliance

A

A group of states that share weapons & intelligence, offer military assistance and discuss international affairs such as terror attacks, national security, etc.

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21
Q

Multi-Polar World

A

There are several superpowers, each with a characteristic strength, competing for global influence and status.

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22
Q

Rostow’s Modernisation Theory

A

The development of a country takes five stages of growth:

Traditional Society, Pre-Conditions for Take Off, Take Off, Drive to Maturity, Mass Consumption.

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23
Q

Soft Power

A

Exerting a country’s influence over another through cultural diffusion, political reform
and FDI.

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24
Q

Spheres of Contest

A

Areas of competition for superpowers and emerging states, e.g. land ownership, intellectual property, state borders.

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25
Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory
Describes the movement of raw materials and manufactured goods between the core and periphery
26
China's Open Door Policy 1978
China allows foreign industry and TNCs in to promote a | modern and thriving China.
27
Cultural Diffusion
The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities into different cultures.
28
Cumulative Causation
Like a multiplier effect, "Success breeds Success". As the core regions increase in prosperity the periphery regions will too due to their links with the core.
29
Downward Transition Zones
A country or city with predicted economic decline, industrial reduction or switched off from globalisation (e.g. Scotland, Turkey, Brazil)
30
Globalisation
The growing interdependence of countries through cross-border transactions (capital, technology, migration, knowledge, culture, etc).
31
Glocalisation
The adaptation of a good offered by a TNC to suit a local market.
32
Hyper-Globaliser
Someone who believes that globalisation and cultural diffusion is a positive process, which will lead to the formation of a homogeneous culture (one ‘super’ global culture).
33
KOF
Index of Globalisation which takes into account the social, economic and political globalisation of a state.
34
Liberalisation
A reduction in government control within industry, creating opportunity for greater participation from private businesses and TNCs within an industry.
35
Offshoring
Company moves parts of its operations to another country, often to save money.
36
Outsourcing
A business contracts outside businesses to complete some of their work, with the aim to reduce costs.
37
Potential Areas of Growth
Regions where future economic development are predicted due to their undeveloped resources (e.g. Canada, Qatar).
38
Privatisation
When national public services become owned by private businesses.
39
Special Economic Zones (SEZ)
Regions where the government offer incentives to attract industry.
40
Trade Bloc
A group of countries that act together to promote trade and a free movement of goods/services between member states.
41
Transformationalist
This is the belief that globalisation won’t lead to the formation of a homogeneous culture. Instead, the flow of culture is two-way.
42
Upward Transition Zones
A country or city with predicted industrial and economic increase (e.g. Mexico, Iceland, “The Asian Tigers”).
43
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Members seek substantial reductions on tariffs and trade barriers and the elimination of preferences on a mutually advantageous basis.
44
Administration Centre
Places that make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity for the surrounding areas.
45
Amenity Value
The value of a resource to locals and businesses (beaches, timber, coal).
46
Central Business District (CBD)
The centre of a city, containing a high density of businesses and TNC headquarters.
47
Cultural Enrichment
The addition of ideas, traditions and beliefs due to the arrival of new people.
48
Cultural Erosion
The loss of a culture, resulting in a change in ideas or disregard for traditions.
49
Culture
The way of life of a particular group of people at a particular time, generally customs and beliefs.
50
Deprivation
Individuals lack basic services or objects they would expect to have in the 21st Century.
51
Dereliction
The loss of industry or productivity of a land, leaving it abandoned.
52
Diversification
Where a company may look to offer different services or sell a wider range of products to appeal to a new target audience.
53
Diversity
Variation within a population, in their characteristics, background and behaviour.
54
Environmental Impact Assessment
The study of environmental impacts caused by large business projects.
55
Ethnicity
The cultural background of a group of people, often based on religion or country of origin.
56
Fertility Rate
The number of children born per 1000 women each year.
57
Gated Communities
Urban neighbourhoods surrounded by gates often to improve | privacy and safety. They can add to segregation within a community.
58
Gentrification
Renovation of older/deteriorating buildings or areas with the aim of attracting high-income individuals or elite businesses to a place.
59
Idyll
A location with ideal living conditions and good qualities. Often based on a perception.
60
Inequality
Differences in income, well-being and wealth between individuals, communities and society.
61
Multicultural
The existence, acceptance or promotion of multiple cultural traditions within a single geographic area.
62
Political Engagement
The willingness and ability of an individual to vote or join political parties or pressure groups.
63
Population Density
The number of people per square kilometre. | Rebranding - Creating a new look or reputation for an area.
64
Regional Disparity
The economic (or cultural) gap between different parts of a country.
65
Rural-urban Continuum
A range of living spaces running from remotest peripheral rural villages to the CBD of the city.
66
Segregation
The separation of a group from other groups this can be through force or voluntarily. Segregation can often occur due to housing strategies or regeneration projects.
67
Sink Estates
Council estates that score badly on the Index of Multiple Deprivation.
68
Stakeholder
An individual with interest and influence within their community (residents, local businesses, farmers, NGOs).
69
Social Clustering
Groups of people with similar background frequently living together.
70
Social Exclusion
The inability of a group of people to become involved in the cultural activities of a place.
71
Urbanisation
An increase in the proportion of a population living within urban areas.

Geography (17 decks)

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