Human Microbiome

Question 1

there are ____ more microbial cells than human cells

Answer 1

10x

Question 2

microbes like to attach to surfaces exposed to the _______

Answer 2

environment

Question 3

gastrointestinal microbiota:

Answer 3

Bacteroidetes, firmicutes, proteobacteria

Question 4

gastrointestinal microbiota: each person has a unique community of these, but no on has the same _______ (not even twins)

Answer 4

microbiome

Question 5

the microbiome of the gastrointestinal microbiota trains the __________ __________ to discover invaders

Answer 5

immune system

Question 6

enterotype is the set of _____ in the specific individual

Answer 6

microbes

Question 7

the microbiomes are influenced by _______ activities

Answer 7

daily

Question 8

gastrointestinal microbiota: stomach

Answer 8

helicobacter pylori, gastric lumen, mucus layer

Question 9

helicobacter pylori: causes _____ in the stomach

Answer 9

ulcers

Question 10

helicobacter pylori: colonize ____ of world population

Answer 10

50%

Question 11

helicobacter pylori can cause ______ in people

Answer 11

cancer

Question 12

inflammation causes ______ to a specific area

Answer 12

damage

Question 13

gastric lumen ph

Answer 13

1-2

Question 14

the further distal you go in the small intestine, the less _____ is there

Answer 14

oxygen

Question 15

the deeper you go in the small intestine the more _____ you find surviving

Answer 15

microbes

Question 16

small intestine:

Answer 16

enterococci & lactobacilli

Question 17

large intestine: bacteria / gram

Answer 17

10^-10 & 10 ^-11

Question 18

large intestine: mostly ______

Answer 18

anaerobes

Question 19

large intestine: some facultative aerobes _____

Answer 19

E. coli

Question 20

large intestine: archaea __________

Answer 20

methanogens

Question 21

large intestine: ________

Answer 21

fermentation

Question 22

neuromodulatory:

Answer 22

changes things in the nervous system ( turns things off & on)

Question 23

oral microbiota:

Answer 23

firmicutes, streptococcumutans, streptococcus

Question 24

streptococcumucans

Answer 24

degrade the teeths surface

Question 25

oral microbiota:

Answer 25

aerobic, anaerobic, facultative

Question 26

upper respiratory tract microbiota:

Answer 26

highly colonized, Staphylococcus aureus (nose), streptococci, gram-negative cocci

Question 27

lower respiratory tract microbiota:

Answer 27

not colonized, reduced airflow, immune cells, mucocilliary escalator

Question 28

genitourinary tract microbiota:

Answer 28

upper urinary, distal urinary

Question 29

upper urinary tract:

Answer 29

normally sterile: kidneys, ureters, bladder (flow of urine, immune cells)

Question 29

distal urinary tract: gm negative

Answer 29

female 4 cm, male 20 cm

Question 30

skin microbiota:

Answer 30

bacteria & yeasts, 10^6 bacteria/cm2, 10^10 ovreall

Question 30

female genital tract: lots of microorganisms, warm, moist nutrients

Answer 30

lactobacillus, acidophilus, pH ~5

Question 31

penis microbiota

Answer 31

circumcised & uncircumcised differentiated

Question 32

skin microbiota:

Answer 32

corynebacterium, proprionibacterium, staphylococcus

Question 33

skin & mucus membrane:

Answer 33

barriers to infection, competitive exclusion, skin- the outside, mucus membrane- the inside

Question 34

vaginal birth shares ____ microbiome w mother

Answer 34

72%

Question 35

c section birth shares ____ microbiome w mother

Answer 35

42%

Question 36

breast feeding:

Answer 36

contains more lactobacillus & bifidobacterium

Question 37

by ___, you have an adult-like microbiome

Answer 37

3 years old

Question 38

microbiome stable:

Answer 38

70% of species retention year to year bacteriodetes actinobacteria

Question 39

as we get old microbiome:

Answer 39

more bacteriodetes, less firmicutes less overall diversity

Question 40

dysbiosis:

Answer 40

disruption in homeostasis (perfect mutualism in your micrbobiota & you)

Question 41

example of dysbiosis:

Answer 41

inflammatory bowel disease

Question 42

inflammatory bowel disease:

Answer 42

CHRONIC gut inflammation altered gut microbiota

Question 43

antibiotics & clostridoides difficile

Answer 43

antibiotic treatment, c. difficile, diarhhea, pesudomembranous colitis

Question 44

D. dif:

Answer 44

overgrows in colon & produces horrific diarhhea

Question 45

pseudomembranous colitis

Answer 45

inflammation, perforation, shock, death

Question 46

obesity:

Answer 46

create volatile fatty acids through fermentation

Question 47

oral dysbiosis

Answer 47

dental caries & periodontitis

Question 48

dental caries:

Answer 48

streptococcus mutans, other fermenters

Question 49

dental caries:

Answer 49

fermentation leads to acid production decrease in diversity

Question 50

periodontitis

Answer 50

inflammation, destruction of gums, bone decrease in diversity

Question 51

skin dysbiosis

Answer 51

acne

Question 52

acne

Answer 52

proprionibacterium acnes

Question 53

vaginal dysbiosis

Answer 53

vaginosis, vaginitis,

Question 54

vaginosis

Answer 54

odor, discharge

Question 55

vaginitis

Answer 55

inflammatory infection

Question 56

vaginal dysbiosis

Answer 56

decrease in lactobacillus, growth of Candida, trichomonas vaginalis

Question 57

perturbations:

Answer 57

changes; return to homeostasis

Question 58

probiotics:

Answer 58

live microorganisms confer a health benefit of the host

Question 59

probiotic

Answer 59

bifidobacterium & lactobacillus

Question 60

prebiotics

Answer 60

plant nutrients we cannot digest but fermentative gut microbes can

Question 61

prebiotics

Answer 61

feed the good microbes insulin

Question 62

synbiotics

Answer 62

probiotics + prebiotics