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Biology Subject Test > Human Physiology > Flashcards

Human Physiology Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

2 Tasks of the Human Digestive System

A
  1. Breaking down large food molecules into smaller, usable, molecules
  2. Absorbing these smaller molecules
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2
Q

Mouth and Digestion

A

Mechanical digestion (teeth cut)

Chemical digestion (salivary amylase)

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3
Q

Salivary Amylase

A

Enzyme in the mouth (saliva) that starts chemical digestion

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4
Q

Esophagus

A

No digestion occurs here

Transports food from throat to stomach

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5
Q

Epiglottis

A

a flap of catilage at the back of the throat that directs food away from the windpipe and into esophagus

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6
Q

Pharynx

A

fancy word for throat

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7
Q

Stomach

A

Protein digestion begins here

Stomachs thick muscular walls churns food which secretes gas to break them down

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8
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Found in the stomach

Inactive form of the enzyme PEPSIN which breaks down proteins

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9
Q

pH in the stomach

A

Acidic

Between 2-3

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10
Q

What causes an ulcer?

A

Excessive acid in the stomach

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11
Q

Small Intestine

A

Digestion is completed here (last digest)

pH is 8

Small intestine is 6 meters longs

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12
Q

Intestinal enzymes

A

Amylases

Proteases

Lipases

Nucleases

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13
Q

Peptidases

A

Break down proteins in small intestine

Makes sense because of peptide bond

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14
Q

Villi

A

Fingerlike projections that line the small intestine

Absorb nutrients

Have microvilli that further enhance the rate of absorption

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15
Q

Liver

A

produces bile that emulsifies fats

recycles red blood cells

detoxs drugs and alcohol

produces cholesterol

produces nitrogenous waste: urea

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16
Q

pH of Bile

A

11

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17
Q

Gallbladder

A

stores bile that was produced by liver

Vestigal structure (don’t need it to survive)

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18
Q

Pancreas

A
  1. Produces enzymes
  2. Produces sodium bicarbonate
  3. Produces hormones to control blood sugar levels
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19
Q

Sodium bicarbonate

A

Produced in the pancreas

Neutralizes stomach acid to allow enzymes a BASIC environment to function

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20
Q

Large Intestine

Colon

A

No digestion occurs here

  1. Egestion: removes undigested waste
  2. Vitamin production
  3. Reabsoption of water
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21
Q

Reabsoption of water

A

Takes place in the large intestine

If there is too much water reabsorbed=constipation

If not enough water is reabsorbed=diarrhea

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22
Q

Rectum

A

Last 7 to 8 inches of the gastrointestinal tract which stores feces

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23
Q

What happens when air enters the nasal cavity

A

It is moistened, warmed, and filtered

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24
Q

Alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the lung where cellular respiration takes place

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25
How is air drawn into the lungs?
Negative pressure
26
Medulla
Part of the brain that sets the breathing rhythm by monitoring CO2 levels and pH levels in blood
27
How is oxygen carried in the human blood?
By hemoglobin Combines with oxygen molecules to form oxyhemoglobin
28
How is CO2 carried in the human blood?
Dissolved in the blood and is carried as part of plasma Carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion system
29
pH of the human blood
7.4
30
Artery
Carries blood away from the heart
31
Vein
Carries blood back to the heart
32
Capillary
Allows for diffusion of nutrients and wastes between cells and blood
33
Blood
Different types of cells suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma 4 to 6 liters in average body
34
Serum
Blood plasma minus the clotting factors
35
What does your body need to clot?
Calcium
36
Plasma
Liquid portion of the blood
37
Red blood cells
Carry hemoglobin and oxygen Formed in bone marrow Live about 120 days no nucleus
38
White blood cells
Fight infection formed in bone marrrow die fighting infection
39
Platelets
clot blood cell fragments
40
How many beats per minute does the heart do?
70 pumps 5 liters too
41
Atria
Recieve blood from the cells
42
Ventricles
Pump blood out of the heart
43
Sinoatrial Node
Sets the timing of the contractions of the heart through electrical impulses
44
Where is BP the lowest
In the veins
45
Where is BP the highest
In the arteries
46
Systolic number
top of BP number 120/80 (it is the 120) measure of the pressure when ventricles contract
47
Diastolic number
bottom of BP number 120.80 (it is the 80) think Diastolic=denominator=down Measurement of pressure when heart relaxes
48
Cornonary circulation
Blood through the heart
49
Renal circulation
Blood through kidneys
50
Hepatic circulation
Blood through liver
51
Specialness of pulmonaries
P. artery= the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood P. vein= only vein that carries oxygenated blood
52
Epinephrine
Fight or flight hormone (adrenaline) that is secreted by both the nervous and endocrine system
53
Where are hormones produced?
In ductless glands
54
Tropic hormones
Hormones that stimulate other glands to release hormones
55
Pheromones
Carry a message between different individuals of the same species Ex: Dog piss
56
Hypothalamus
Bridge between the nervous system and the endocrine system In stress it is part of the nervous system Also controls hunger and thirst
57
Anterior pituitary
Growth hormone
58
Posterior pituitary
Stimulates contractions of uterus and mammary glands
59
Thyroid
Controls metabolic rate
60
Parathyroid
Raises blood calcium levels
61
Adrenal cortex
Raises blood sugar levels
62
Insulin
Lowers blood glucose levels
63
Thryoid
stimulates T lymphocytes as part of the immune response
64
Estrogen
Stimulates uterine lining
65
Progesterone
Promotes uterine lining growth
66
Testes
Support sperm production
67
Two different types of hormones
Steroid and nonsteroidal hormones
68
Lipid or steriod hormines
Diffuse directly though the plasma membrane and bind to a receptor inside the cell that triggers the cell's response
69
Protein or nonsteroid hormones
Have to bind to a receptor on the cell to be diffused
70
Central Nervous system (CNS)
Consists of the brain and the spinal cord
71
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Consists of all nerves outside the CNS
72
Somatic System
part of PNS controls the voluntary muscles
73
Autonomic System
part of PNS controls involuntary muscles
74
Sympathetic
Flight or fight response Increases heart rate and breathing
75
Parasympathetic
Opposes the sympathetic system calms the body decreases heart/breathing rate
76
Dendrite
Cytoplasmic extension of the neuron Sensory Receive incoming messages from other cells and carry the electrical signal to the body
77
Axons
Cyptoplasmic extension of the neuron Transmit an impulse from the cell body outward to another cell Each neuron only has one axon which can be several feet long
78
Reflex Arch
The simplest nerve response It is like the knee-jerk response at the doctor's office Spinal cord is not involved in these responses
79
Membrane Potential
difference in electrical charge between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid exhibited in all living things
80
Resting potential
A neuron at rest is polarized and has a membrane potential of -70 mV
81
What has to happen for a nerve to fire?
A stimulus must be strong enough to overcome the resting potential
82
Action potential
Can only be generated in the axon of a neuron There is a rapid movement of ions called wave of depolarization and this reverses the polarity of the membrane
83
Cones
Photoreceptors in the retina that distinguish different colors
84
Cornea
tough clear covering that protects the eye and allows light to pass through
85
Humor
fluids that maintain the shape of the eyeball
86
Iris
colored part of the eye that controls how much light gets in
87
Lens
focuses light onto the retina
88
Pupil
small opening in the middle of the iris
89
Retina
converts light into nerve impulses that are carried to the brain
90
Rods
photoreceptors in the retina that are extremely sensitive, but do not distinguish different colors
91
Auditory canal
ear canal where sound enters
92
Cochlea
fluid-filled part of inner ear, sends nerve impulses to brain
93
Ear bones
transmit vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window
94
Eustachian tube
equalizes pressure between environment and inner ear
95
Oval window
sends waves of pressure to the cochlea
96
Semicircular canals
fliuid filled, helps you maintain your balance
97
Tympanum
ear drum vibrates as sound waves hit it
98
Excretion
the removal of metabolic wastes skin gets rid of sweat lungs excrete water vapor and CO2 through resp
99
Antidiuretic Hormone
Released by the posterior pituitary Kidney Regulates BP
100
Nephron
Basic functional unit of the kidney Consists of a cluster of capillaries
101
Bowman's capsule
Related to kidney Cuplike structure
102
Four steps the Nephron carries out
1. Filtration by diffusion into Bowman's capsule 2. Secretion active uptake of molecules not filtered into Bowman's capsule 3. Reabsoption water that entered during filtration are reabsorbed 4. Excretion
103
Three types of muscle
1. Smooth: makes up walls of blood vessels and digestive tract 2. Skeletal muscles: ex. biceps and triceps 3. Cardiac muscles: found in the heart (beats on its own)
104
Sliding Filament Theroy
Within the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle cells there are actin and myosin proteins In order to contract and expand the actin and myosin slide over eachother

Biology Subject Test (6 decks)

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