human regeneration Flashcards
(71 cards)
1
Q
what is a primary sector
A
primary industry acquires raw materials eg crops, fish or minerals
2
Q
what is a secondary sector
A
secondary industries manufacturers or assembles raw materials into new commodities
3
Q
what is a tertiary sector
A
tertiary industry refers to services eg transporting the goods manufactured
4
Q
what is a quaternary sector
A
quaternary industry is also known as the ‘knowledge’ sector of the economgy. Involves services such as IT.
5
Q
what is the quinary sector
A
the quinary sector is the sector where the highest levels of decision making occur eg headmaster.
6
Q
why is the primary sector decreasing during industrial time
A
due to mechanisation- using machines instead of by hand
7
Q
what are the types of employment (6)
A
- permanent
- temporary
- full-time
- part-time
- employed
- self-employed
8
Q
what is permanent employment
and temporary employment
A
- the worker has a contract that has no end-date
- the worker has a short term position, with a fixed end date
9
Q
what is full-time employment and part-time employment
A
- the individual works 5 days a week
- the individual does not work 100% of the week. eg 3 days 60%
10
Q
what is employed and self- employed
A
- the individual is a member of staff paid by their employer
- the individual is responsible for their own business and their income is paid to themselves
11
Q
what is the glasgow effect
A
the impacts of poor health linked to deprivation
12
Q
how is differences in economic activity reflected through what social factors
A
- health-variation in income affect the quality of people’s housing +diets, suffer as access to food and lifestyle choices. bad access to healthcare
- life expectancy- people have better healthcare in some areas due to being able to pay for it
- education- its a cycle that some areas worse education so stuck in cycle
13
Q
what is the index of multiple deprivation
and what are the 7 factors to determine the IMD score?
A
measure used by central gov and local authorities to target regeneration aid (if area deprived)
1. income
2. employment
3. education
4. health
5. crime
6. barriers to housing and services
7. living environment
14
Q
what is a function definition
A
the roles a place plays for its community and surroundings. functions may grow, disappear and change over time
15
Q
what are the types of functions for an area (4)
A
administrative, commercial, retail and industrial
16
Q
what is an administrative function
A
the area includes local authority offices who run the local services. also include national gov offices and the monarchy
17
Q
what is a commercial function
A
the area contains recreation facilities such as sports centres and cinemas which provide services for people
18
Q
what is a retail function
A
shops are available, selling range of goods
19
Q
what is a industrial function
A
goods are manufactured in factories, air and noise pollution tend to be high
20
Q
what are demographic characteristics (3)
A
- gentrification,
- age structure
- ethnic composition
21
Q
what are the reasons for change in a place (change in function)
A
- physical factors
- accessibility and connectedness
- historical development
- the role of local and national planning.
22
Q
how does physical factor cause a places funtion to change (3)
A
- sea levels rise and climate change are causing rapid coastal erosion
- climate change starting to shape policy, architecture and land- use decisions
- flood defences are developing to be multi-use with tourist attractions
23
Q
how does accessibility and connectedness cause a places funtion to change (3)
A
- development of the uk’s motorways and rail networks changed importance of towns and villages
- many villages in Essex +kent more popular rural alternatives. Shenfield overtook brentwoods importance when railway line to london switched
- regional airports has facilitated immigration to rural areas
24
Q
How has historical development cause a places funtion to change
A
some places current layout and characteristics still reflect their history
25
how has local and national planning cause a places funtion to change (3)
* national incfrastructure plan designed towns as new garden cities up to 13,000 new homesand new railway station
* rural villages risk overrun by urban area expansion
* new rail link increase house prices as opens up commuter network
26
what is gentrification
is a change in the social structure of a place where affluent people move in to a location. Planners may allow developers to upgrade a place's characteristics to attract people of a higher social status and income
27
what is a boom town
a town showing very sudden growth and prosperity, as through the discovery of local mineral resources
28
what is a spiral of decline
* includes increasing levels of social deprivation (education, health, crime, access to services and living environment) in both deindustrialised urban areas and rural settlements
* where deindustrialisation causes people to be unemployed-> less money to spend->shops services less income-> shops close-> low investor confidence
29
what is economic inequality
occurs when income or wealth in a specific location is not even spread amongst the population
30
what is social inequality
occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly between the population
31
what are the 4 types of community
* commuter towns-residents normally work elsewhere
* sink estates-british council housing estate have high levels of economic and social deprivation
* rural settlements-characterised by historical out-migration influenced by farming and lack of employment
* gated communities- controlled entrances, closed perimeter of walls and fences
32
what was the difference between the national and local election turnouts
national- only 47% of people 18-24 voted
local-turnout was only 36%
33
how does studentification impact electiotn turnouts
low vote turnout where they are and from
34
what is lived experiences
is the actual experience of living in a particular place or environment. Such experience can have a profound impact on a person’s perceptions and values, as well as on their general development and their outlook on the world.
35
lived experiences of places vary according to... (5)
how do they impact the level of engagement
age, ethnicity, gender, length of residence (new migrants, students) and levels of deprivation
36
why is there conflict in a community
as people have different views on the priorities for regeneration
37
what is infrastructure
the basic physical organisational structure and facilities (eg building, roads, power supplies) needed for the operatoin of a society or enterprise. Infrastructure projects are characterised by high costs and longevity
38
what are the 2 main factors of infrastructure projects
* high cost
* longevity
39
what is the role of the national government in regeneration (3)
1. infrastructure investment
2. rate and type of development
3. decisions about international migration and capital markets
40
what is pump priming
when large amounts of private funds are needed to support regeneration
41
what are the 3 aspects of the role of government planning
* planning laws
* planning for housing needs
* planning for fracking
42
what is rural-urban continuum
the unbroken transition from sparsely populated or unpopulated, remote rural places to densely populated, intensively used urban places
43
what factors affect regeneration policy
* politics of the local area
* urban vs rural locations
* external factors (eg recession)
* legacy of the past/ past projects
* quality of the bid from gov/investors
* amount of pump priming needed
44
what is inward investment
involves an external or foreign entity either investing in or purchasing the good of a local economy. It is foreign money that comes into the domestic economy
45
what does the local gov do to improve an area
1. investment in infrastructure for specific areas - science parks, improve transport to support trade, surperfast broadband
2. offer incentives/ remove barriers for businesses - council tax discounts, relaxed planning laws, agreements with developers to reduce impact of new developments for direct support from council
3. encourage external funding through the use of sport, art, culture or heritage - olympic regeneration / stratford
46
what are enterprise zones
incentives found on specific areas to attract investment
include:
* council and business tax discounts up to 100% over 5 years
* light-touch planning consent from last for building
* grants towards capital equipment
* most focus on industries such as bio-science, digital, advanced engineering, automobile +renewable energy
47
what is rebranding
is the way or ways in which a place is redeveloped and marketed so that is gains a new identity. It can then attract new investors and visitors. It may involve both re-imaging and regeneration
48
what is re-imaging
is the remodelling of areas to counter negative perceptions and provide 'post-industrial' functions. EG retailing, leisure and tourism
49
what is regeneration
is a long term process involving social, economic, and physical actions to reverse decline and create more sustainable communities
50
what are the actions that can be taken to promote urban areas
* try to change a negative image of a place
* help differentiate it from others
* link a place to an international event eg olympics
51
what are the outcomes of promoting an urban area (3)
* attract new investment
* attract new tourists
* attract new residents
52
what is rural defined as
'sparse' areas are more than 30km away from urban areas and are generally very remote in character
53
what is less sparse area defined as
are less than 30km frmo nearest urban area, and tend to be more urban in character, yet becauses of a small population and size they remain 'villages' eg ingatestone
54
what is post-production countryside
* a rural place whose economy is no longer based on agriculture.
* This is a reflection of the increasingly small % of the workforce in traditional rural employment, and its contribution so the overall economy
55
what is post-productionism
changes in agriculture policy and practice shifting the emphasis away from maximum yields and towards a more sustainable agriculture
56
what problems face rural areas
1. low wages- Cornwall has the lowest weekly wages in Britain at 25% below the uk average
2. lack of rural services- 90% of areas that suffer from a lack of services are rural
3. lack of employment opportunity- many young people in rural areas leave seeking better opportunities elsewhere creating a brain drain
4. seasonal tourism- tourism has helped offset job losses but jobs are seasonal and the success of a season depends on the weather
5. decline in Primary employment- decline resulted due to a combination of national and international causes creating the PPC
57
diversifying the countryside through non-agriculture-based
reduntant farm building converted to offices, light industry, tea shops, campsite, clay pigeon shooting, golf, music festivals
58
diversifying the countryside through agriculture-based
farming unusual animals, growing non-food crops (flowers), pharmaceutical crops, or energy crops
59
how does is heritage and literary associations diverse the countryside
capitalising on heritage in a rural area or links with locations that provide inspiration in literature.
eg Brontë country
60
how does farm diversification and specialised products diverse the countryside
introducing new activities for arable land to seek out new revenue streams
eg Clarkson's farm
61
how does outdoor pursuits and adventure in accessible and remote areas diverse the countryside
as people visit it
eg kielder forest
62
how do you measure success of regeneration (4)
* economically: primary research-income, poverty, employment
secondary- census data, past photos
* social: primary research- reduction in inequality/ deprivation,
secondary- interviews, blogs, social media
* living environment:primary research- reduced pollution levels, land-use survey
secondary- photography + comparison with historical photos, fieldwork
* demographic: primary research- service surveys, questionnaires of local residents
secondary- postcode census,
63
what is relative poverty
is the condition in which people lack the minimum amount of income needed in order to maintain the average standard of living in the society in which they live
64
what is absolute poverty
a condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education +information
65
what is a stakeholder
are any groups or individuals involved in, or interested in, regeneration. They range from residents, environmentalists and businesses to local councils and planners
66
what are examples of stakeholders (5)
1. local council
2. local businesses
3. existing residents
4. national government
5. property developers
67
what are the wants of the local council and how are they measure by
wants: external image is important to attract investment, so landmark buildings and interesting architecture are important so are reduced deprivation levels
measure by: job creation numbers, areas of vacant/ derelict land brought back into use, IMD data trends
68
what are the wants of the local business and how are they measure by
wants: increases local population, especially of wealthier residents to boost trade + profit
measured by: rising population, especially the young, hiring rates of new employees
69
what are the wants of the existing residents and how are they measure by
wants: better housing, community facilities +job opportunities plus an improved environment
measured by: hard-to-measure factors such as 'community spirit' may be important, rising incomes, improved health and life expectancy, increased access to services
70
what are the wants of the national government and how are they measure by
wants: regeneration that fits in with national priorities such as the northern powerhouse, increase the economic power and significance of northern cities, especially greater Manchester, plus reduced dependency on benefits
measured by: reduced out-migration, increases in regional output/GVA
71
what are the wants of the property developers and how are they measure by
wants: motivatied by profit, so will maximise sales values and rental values, image is important to draw scales
measured by: profit verses investment ratios, number of investors, increase in land values
