Human Reproduction

Question 1

What is the role of the testis?

Answer 1

To produce sperm and testosterone.

Question 2

What is the role of the epididymis?

Answer 2

Matures and stores sperm

Question 3

What is the role of the sperm duct?

Answer 3

Carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

Question 4

What are the roles of the seminal vesicles, Cowper’s gland and prostate gland?

Answer 4

-Produce seminal fluid which feeds the sperm and allows them to swim. Sperm and seminal fluid are collectively called semen.

Question 5

What is the role of the urethra?

Answer 5

Allows the passage of either urine or sperm.

Question 6

What is the role of the penis?

Answer 6

Places sperm inside the body of a female

Question 7

What is the role of the scrotum?

Answer 7

Keeps testes at a lower temperature.

Question 8

What is the optimum temperature for male gamete meiosis?

Answer 8

35 degrees

Question 9

What is a gonad?

Answer 9

Is an organ that produces sex cells in animals

Question 10

What is testosterone?

Answer 10

Is the male hormone responsible for the development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics.

Question 11

What are primary sexual characteristics?

Answer 11

Are the presence of the male and female reproductive parts

Question 12

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 12

Refer to features that distinguish males from females, apart from the sex organs themselves.

Question 13

What are male secondary sexual characteristics?

Answer 13

• Growth of pubic, facial and body hair
• Enlargement of larynx, breaking of voice
• Increased muscular development and bone development
• Growth spurt at puberty
• Increased secretion of sebum in the skin

Question 14

What does each sperm contain?

Answer 14

• Acrosome
• Nucleus
• Midpiece
• Tail

Question 15

What is the role of the acrosome in sperm?

Answer 15

Contains enzymes that can digest the membrane of the egg.

Question 16

What is the role of the ovary?

Answer 16

To produce the egg (ova)

To produce the hormones oestrogen and progesterone

Question 17

What is the role of the Fallopian tube (oviduct)?

Answer 17

Catches the egg from the ovary and transports it to the uterus.

Question 18

Where is the site of fertilisation?

Answer 18

Fallopian tube

Question 19

What is the role of the uterus?

Answer 19

Site of implantation, holds the developing embryo.

Has a lining (endometrium) enriched with blood vessels to nourish the embryo. Forms the placenta

Question 20

What is the role of the vagina?

Answer 20

Allows entry of sperm and exit of baby at birth.

Question 21

What are the female hormones?

Answer 21

Oestrogen and progesterone

Question 22

What does a combination of oestrogen and progesterone cause at the onset of puberty?

Answer 22

Causes the development of the secondary female characteristics

Question 23

What the are the secondary female characteristics?

Answer 23

• The maturing and enlargement of breasts
• Widening of the pelvis to allow for birth
• The growth of pubic and underarm hair
• A growth spurt

Question 24

What happens once the meiosis of the egg is complete?

Answer 24

The egg is surrounded in a structure called the Graafian Follicle

Question 25

What happens when the egg is mature?

Answer 25

The follicle forms a swelling on the outside of the ovary. It bursts at ovulation to release the egg.

Question 26

What happens to the follicle after ovulation?

Answer 26

Fills with yellow cells and becomes the Corpus Luteum

Question 27

What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete?

Answer 27

Progesterone

Question 28

What hormones does the Graafian follicle produce?s

Answer 28

Oestrogen

Question 29

What is the menstrual cycle?

Answer 29

Is a 28 day sequence of event that produce an egg and prepares the body for pregnancy.

Question 30

When does the menstrual cycle begin and end?

Answer 30

- Begins at puberty | - Ends with the menopause

Question 31

What happens through days 1-5 in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 31

- The old lining of the uterus breaks down and is shed from the body. - A new egg is produced in the ovary by meiosis and this new egg is surrounded by the graafian follicle

Question 32

What happens through days 6-14 in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 32

- Hormone oestrogen produced by developing graafian follicle - Hormone has two functions: causes lining of endometrium to build up in preparation for pregnancy - Prevents the development of any more eggs

Question 33

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 33

Ovulation

Question 34

What happens between days 14-28 of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 34

- Graafian follicle develops into corpus luteum. - Corpus luteum produces progesterone - Two functions - Prevents breakdown of endometrium - Prevents new eggs from forming

Question 35

What happens by day 22 to the corpus luteum if fertilisation has not taken place?

Answer 35

It breaks down, resulting in a reduction of progesterone levels.

Question 36

Where is follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) produced?

Answer 36

The pituitary gland

Question 37

When is the (FSH) produced?

Answer 37

Between days 1-5 in the menstrual cycle

Question 38

What is the function of FSH?

Answer 38

- Stimulates a few potential eggs to develop, surrounded by Graafian follicles. - Each Graafian follicle produces oestrogen, so that FSH can be said to cause the production of oestrogen.

Question 39

Where is oestrogen produced?

Answer 39

Produced by the graafian follicle in the ovary

Question 40

When is oestrogen produced?

Answer 40

Between days 5 to 14 in the menstrual cycle

Question 41

What is the function of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 41

- Causes endometrium to develop - Inhibits FSH, no more eggs developing - High levels of oestrogen just before day 14 stimulate the release of the next hormone

Question 42

Where is luteinising hormone (LH) produced?

Answer 42

Pituitary gland

Question 43

When is LH produced?

Answer 43

Produced on day 14

Question 44

What is the function of LH?

Answer 44

Causes ovulation | Causes remains of Graafian follicle to develop in corpus luteum

Question 45

Where is progesterone produced?

Answer 45

Corpus luteum in the ovary

Question 46

When is progesterone produced?

Answer 46

Days 14 to 28

Question 47

What is the function of progesterone?

Answer 47

- Maintains structure of endometrium - Inhibits production of LSH - Inhibits production of LH - Progesterone also prevents contractions of the uterus

Question 48

What happens by day 28 if no fertilisation has occurred?

Answer 48

- Due to the corpus luteum degrading by day 22, Low leves of progesterone produce the following effects: - FSH secretion by the pituitary gland- new eggs begin to develop - Uterus contracts and period starts

Question 49

What is insemination?

Answer 49

Is the release of sperm into the female.

Question 50

What is the name of the chemicals that the egg releases to attract sperm?

Answer 50

Chemotaxis

Question 51

What is fertilisation?

Answer 51

Is the fusion of the egg and sperm nuclei to form a diploid zygote.

Question 52

How long can the egg survive unfertilised?

Answer 52

2 days

Question 53

How long can the sperm survive in the female body?

Answer 53

7 days

Question 54

When is the fertile period?

Answer 54

12-18 | Fertilisation may occur between days 7-18 (irregular cycles)

Question 55

What is implantation?

Answer 55

Is the embedding of the fertilised egg into the lining of the uterus

Question 56

When does implantation occur?

Answer 56

6-9 days after implantation