human resources, theories of motivation and leadership Flashcards
(32 cards)
it is the phase of management concerned with the engagement and effective utilization of manpower to obtain optimum efficiency of human resources
personnel management
- aka personal administration
engagement and effective utilization of manpower,covers the area of:
1. recuritment
2. selection
3. employment
4. orientation
5. human resource administration and supervision
it is consisting of series of activities intended to carry out the personnel policies of the lab for the purpose or realizing objectives of the organization
personnel program
Briefly explain the series of activities intended to carry out in personnel program
- Employment
- recruite, interview, conduction of testing to employees, induction of Newley hired employees, placement to different departments, transfer when there is promotion
- covers the separation of employee - Safety
- provision for safety standards, mechanical safeguards, accident investigation, safety rules, records and statistics - Employee relations
- matter related to collective bargaining, wage and salary administration, medical and dental services and moral studies - Employee research and standards
- job analysis, job description, job evaluation, organizing planning and employee manuals - Employee services
- recreational plans, insurance plans, profit sharing plans, miscellaneous services
It is the statement of intention that commits the laboratory manager to a general course of action in order to accomplish a specific purpose.
Personnel policy
-policy in any institution follows one unidirectional definition (guides decisions and achieve rational outcomes)
What are the 10 areas that are normally considered by personnel policies.
- Recruitment, selection and planning
- Employee induction and training
- Employee rating and promotion
- Transfer, downgrading and lay-off
- Disciplining and Discharge
- Salary and Wage Administration
- Changes in work assignment and hours
- Services for employees
- Employee’s health and safety
- Employees’ participation and problems
Internal source vs external source
Internal source :
- employee actively working in the lab
- applies when vacancies exist and employees within the org are transferred from one department to another and promoted
- encourage employee department and improve morale of employees
External source:
- apply in person, who answer advertisements and who are recommended by schools - employees that literally applied for the job vacancy
- challenge present employees in the org to improve qualification for higher positions if they want to be promoted
It is a general term applying to drives, desires, needs and wishes of an individual in order to perform.
Motivation
- generates driving factors in order to satisfy desires, needs and wishes by performing actions, willingness and set of goals
*theories of motivation are foundation and guiding principles that are geared towards how we can meet and satisfy alll desires, needs and wants to perform (not influenced by management but rather motivation)
Who developed
1. Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory
2. Maslow’s theory
3. Mcgregor’s theory
4. Mcclelland’s achivement model
5. Aldefer’s erg theory
6. Vroom’s expectancy theory
7. Adam’s equity theory
8. Skinner’s reinforcement theory
- Frederick Herzberg
- a psychologist and pioneer of this theory - Dr. Abraham M. Maslow
- Douglas McGregor
- Nil
- Clayton Aldefer
- Victor Vroom
- John Stacy Adam
- Burrhus Frederic “B. F.” Skinner
How did herzberg developed his theory
By interviewing group of employees to find out what makes them become satisfied or dissatisfied on the job
The 2 essential questions are:
1. Think of the time when you felt especially good about your job? Why did you feel that?
- Think of a time when you felt especially bad about your job? Why did you feel that way?
In the herzberg theory what are the 2 dimensio s to achieve job satisfaction
Extrinsic Factors or Hygiene Factors:
• Factors that cannot motivate employees but can minimize the dissatisfaction of an employee if handled properly.
1. Pay or Salary increases
2. Technical supervision or having a competent superior
3. The human relations
4. Organization Policy and Administration
5. Working Condition or Physical Surrounding
6. Job Security
Intrinsic Factors or Motivation Factors:
• Factors that create satisfaction.
1. Achievement completing important task successfully
2. Recognition (being single out or praise)
3. Responsibility for one’s own or other’s work
4. Advancement (changing status through promotion)
Who postulated five basic needs which are organized into successive levels. Unfulfilled needs drive a person to work.
Dr. Abraham M. Maslo
- Hierarchy of needs are addressed from bottom to top
- One cannot move to another phase for as long as the other at the bottom is not resolved first
- A person can only move on to addressing the higher level needs when their basic needs are adequately fulfilled
Briefly explain the Maslow hierarchy of needs
- Physiological needs (bottom)
- Safety needs
- Love needs
- Esteem needs
- Need for self-actualization (top)
According to mcgregor’s theory, what are the 2 perceptions does the managers have on their employees
Theory X:
- ppl hate to work, that they need to be riven
- threatens or punished to achieve d organizational goals
- lack ambition and want only security
Theory Y:
-ppl don’t have to be forced or threatened to work
- work is considered as natural as rest or play
- they will commit themselves to the external org
- ppl want responsibility
This ties the strength of behavioral motives to the individual’s assessment of the likelihood of achieving a specific goal.
Mcclelland’s achievement model
- every person has one of three main driving motivators
(These driving motivators are not inherent. We are not born with these skills and talents, but we work hard to develop them over time.)
briefly explain the work-related needs in Mcclelland’s achievement model
Achievement needs - job and career success
Power needs - control and influence
Affiliation needs - warm, friendly relationships
What are the hierarchy needs according to Aldefer’s Erg theory
- Existence need; physiologic needs.
- Relatedness needs; interpersonal relationship, acceptance and belonging.
- Growth needs; creativity, challenge and personal growth on the job
According to Vroom’s expectancy theory, what are the 3 things that individuals are motivated to do
The value of the reward (Valence)
The belief that good performance will lead to the reward (Instrumentality)
The belief that effort will lead to performance (Expectancy)
- motivation is strongest when all three components (Expectancy, Instrumentality, Valence) are high.
In vroom’s expectancy theory, what are the variables that influence the selection decision
• Expectancy
• Outcome
• Instrumentality
• Valance
• Choices
What does the Adam’s equity theory focuses on determining
Whether the distribution of resources is fair by considering 2 perspectives:
1. employees inputs
- pertains to their performance
2. Employees outputs
- pertains to the rewards or compensation
*perceived in their work situation, especially compared with people in similar positions. Key concepts include comparison and perceptions.
It is built on the assumption that behavior is influenced by its consequences.
Skinner’s reinforcement theory
- based on observation that we tend to behave the way we are treated
What are the components of the skinner’s reinforcement theory
Law of Effect
Stimulus
Response
Reinforcement
Behavior motivation
Briefly explain the organizational factors that influence leadership success
INTERNAL FACTORS
Leadership:
- make all the major decisions
- org with strong leaderships have a clear visions of the future
Employees:
- motivated workers that understand management expectations
- motivated by the given tools, training, support and encouragement
EXTERNAL FACTORS
Customers/ clients:
- satisfaction w the products and services is always the first and foremost to be considered at all times
Economy:
- business owners can’t control economy but must respond to indicators that trend upward upward or downward
Organizational culture:
- comprised of behaviors, values and beliefs.
- behavior of employees is evident through observation. - Factors such as work areas, tools that employees need to perform their job functions and tasks and responsibilities that supervisors assign to employees affect employee behavior.
What are the leadership models
Exploitative and authoritative
Benevolent and authorative
Consultative
Participative
Views the workers as tools and means of production without no further obligation to them
exploitative and authoritative
