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humandevl final 5- Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the average growth children have per year

A

2 1/2 inches in height, 5-7 pounds a year in early childhood

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2
Q

what are the most important contributors to growth

A

nutrition and ethnic origin

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3
Q

where does the most change occur in the brain during early childhood

A

the prefrontal cortex

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4
Q

what changes occur in the brain in early childhood

A

myelination, increase in size and number of dendrites

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5
Q

what is identity

A

self portrait composed of many pieces. includes vocational identity, political identity, religious, career, relationship, sexual, intellectual, cultural, personality, and physical

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6
Q

Erikson’s fifth stage of development

A

identity versus identity confusion. adolescents must decide who they are and where they are going.

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7
Q

psychosocial moratorium

A

Erikson’s word for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy. adolescents are free from responsibilities and able to try out different indentities.

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8
Q

what are Marcia’s statuses of identity development

A

diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement. based on the extent of crisis or commitment.

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9
Q

Marica’s diffusion

A

first status of identity. status of people who havent experienced crisis or made any commitments, they are undecided and show no interst in occupational or ideological choices

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10
Q

Marcia’s foreclosure

A

status of people who have made commitment but not crisis. parents hand down commitments in authoritarian way before adolescents can explore different approaches.

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11
Q

Marcia’s mortorium

A

status of individuals in crisis whose commitments are absent or vaguely defined

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12
Q

Marcia’s achievement

A

status of individuals who have undergone crisis and made commitment

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13
Q

when do experts believe the main changes in identity occur

A

in emerging adulthood

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14
Q

ethnic identity

A

aspect of self that includes a sense of membership in ethnic group.

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15
Q

how does conflict between family members change in adolescence

A

conflict increases between parents and adolescents, but the conflict is usually moderate rather than severe.

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16
Q

what are frienships like in early adolescence

A

adolescents tend to prefer to have a number of smaller, more intense friendships than chidlren.

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17
Q

what are cliques

A

small groups that range from two to 12 individuals, averaging 5/6. the members are usually the same age and sex. form when adolescents engage in similar activities, or because of friendship.

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18
Q

what are crowds

A

larger and less personal than cliques. adolescents are members of crowds based on reputation, and they are defined by the activities adolescents engage in.

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19
Q

what features assume the most importance in adolescent connection with peers

A

cliques/crowds and peer conformity

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20
Q

what stages characterize adolescent dating

A

entering into romantic attractions and afillitations (11-13). exploring romantic relationships (14-16) includes dating in groups. consolidating dyadic romantic bonds, characterized by the formation of strong emotional bonds resembling adult romantic relationships (17-19).

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21
Q

what are rites of passage

A

a ceremony that marks an individual’s transition from one status to another. most focus on the transition to adult status. they often involve dramatic practices that facilitate separation from the family. usually characterized by ritual death and rebirth. espiecally prevelaent in sub-Saharan Africa.

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22
Q

american rites of passage

A

bar and bat mitzvah, catholic confirmation. social debuts. the high school graduation is nearly universal.

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23
Q

low SES can cause what in adolescent development

A

lower academic acievement, lower occupational attainment, psychological problems.

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24
Q

how does being an immigrant affect adolescents

A

povery contributes to the strss expereienced by ethnic minority aolescents. racism and discrimination affect the,.

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25
how do adlescent suicide rates compare to children, which adolescents have the highest
adolescents have higher suicide rates, females have a higher rate of depression and attempts but males have higher rates of successful suicide.
26
what number of cause of death is sucide in adolescents
third highest cause of death
27
what is emerging adulthood
life stage lasting from 18 to 25 years of age characterized by experimentation and exploration.
28
what five features characterize emerging adulthood
identity exploration in love and work, instability, self focus, felling in beteen, the age of possibility
29
critiques of emerging adulthood
it mainly applies to privileged adolescents and is not a self-determined choice for amny young people
30
how is emerging adulthood today different from traditional times
emerging adults are slower to emerge, more live with their parents but are higher achievers educationally. more young adults are okring today due to increase in women in workforce.
31
when is peak human physicality reached
between ages of 19 and 26
32
what health problems may emerge in young adults
obesity and binge drinkingw
33
when does binge drinking decrease
by the mid 20s
34
what aspects of physicality decline first
muscle tone and strength
35
how does the mortality rates of adolescents compare to emerging adults
emerging adults have more than twice the mortality rate
36
sexual orietnation likely stems from
genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors
37
Piaget's formal operational stage
characterized by more logical, abstract, idealistic thinking than concrete operational. this is the final stage in cognitive development and applies to adolescents and adilts.
38
postformal thougth
a potential stage after paigets final stage where formal operational thought is replaced by realistic, pragmatic thinking. this stage has thoughts that are reflective, relativistic and contextual, provisional (adults are more skeptical abt the truth and search for it), realistic, and recognized as being influenced by emotion.
39
creativity peaks when
the 40s, then declines. this is subject to change based on the creative thought we are speaking abt.
40
the key factors in achieving success are
being highly motivated, setting goals, planning, self-monitoring, having grit
41
what are the attachment styles
secure, avoidant, anxious
42
secure attachment
positive view of relationships, find it easy to get attached to others, not overly concerned or stressed out abt romantic relationships.
43
avoidant attachment style
hesitant about getting involved and tend to distance themselves from partners
44
anxious style
demand closeness, less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessive
45
Erikson's sixth developmental stage
intimacy versus isolation. intimacy is described as finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, which requires commitment.
46
romantic love includes
passion, sexuality, and a mixture of emotions
47
affectionate love includes
companionate love. usually more important as relationships mature. type of love that occurs wwhen someone desires to have the other person near and has a deep, caring affection for the person.
48
sternberg's theory of triarchic love
passion, intimacy, and commitment combine to form consummate love, which is the strongest and fullest form of love.
49
affectionate love in sternberg's thoery
marked by intimacy and comitment
50
fatuous love in sternberg's theory
marked by passion and commitment
51
challenges facing single adults include
achieving intimacy, coping with loneliness, and finding a positive identity in a marriage-oriented society.
52
what is the effect on couples who cohbaitate before getting marraiged
they are more likely to divorce once they get married
53
what are the benefits of marriage
beteer physical and mental health and longer lifewh
54
why are people getting married later
increased cohabitation rate and increase in adults who just enver marry
55
what cahracteristics determine if marriages will alst longer
higher educaiton and ehtnicity (asian women marry for longer)
56
what trends have divorce rates followed
increased in mid 1900s, but have began to decline since the 1980s.
57
what factors lead to divorce
youthful marriage, low educational level, having a baby before marraige
58
why is the rate of remarriage decreasing
increase in cohibatation
59
what are trend seen in remarraige
men remarry sooner than women, men tend to remarry women with lower financial status, and remarraige occurs sooner for parterners intiaiting divorce
60
why do people get remarried
want higher standard of living, love, the believe they will be happier if married, they feel they can apply knowledge to next marraige
61
what are the characteristics of healthy marraige
couples establish love maps, nuture fondnesss and admirtation, turns toward each othr, accept influence of partner, and create shared meaning
62
what is the difference in communication between male and female frienships
female friends share their experiences, thoughts, and feelings, while males are more competitive and keep emotional distance while sharing useful inormation
63
womem and me prefer which kind of communication
rapport talk, and report talk
64
what is happening to the deisgnation of middle age as people live longer
middle age is staring later and lasting longer
65
what is the leading cause of death in older middle aged adults and younger old adults
cancer replaced heart disease
66
what is the trend of age indetifiy versus chronologocal age
most adults feel younger than they are
67
what ae the ages of middle adulthood
40 to 60/65`
68
what does middle adulthood involves
balancing work and family in th midst of physical and psychological changes associated with aging
69
what are the differences between late and early midlife
late midlife is more likely yo see the death of a parent, the last child leaving home, becmong a grandparent, prepring for retirment, and the first confrontation with health problems
70
sarcopenia
the loss of muscle mass and strength realted to age. largest tisk factor is obesity
71
what is crystallized intelligence
an individuals accumulated infromational and verbal skills that increases in middle adulthood
72
what is fluid intelligence
one's abiilty to reason abstractly that declines during middle adutlshood.
73

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