humerus and shoulder girdle

Question 1

what makes up the shoulder girdle

Answer 1

proximal humerus
clavicle
scapula

Question 2

where is the scapula

Answer 2

T2-T7

Question 3

female clavicle

Answer 3

shorter and less curved

Question 4

male clavicle

Answer 4

most curved in heavily muscled males

more curved than females

Question 5

what is the most frequently broken bone in the body

Answer 5

clavicle

Question 6

scapula has 2 surfaces

Answer 6

costal surface

posterior surface

Question 7

scapula has three borders

Answer 7

medial border
superior border
lateral border

Question 8

scapula has 3 angles

Answer 8

superior angle
inferior angle
lateral angle

Question 9

scapulohumeral joint

Answer 9

the shoulder joint where the humeral head articulates with the scapula

Question 10

what are the articulations of the shoulder girdle

Answer 10

sternoclavicular joint
acromioclavicular joint
scapulohumeral joint

Question 11

humerus

basic projections

Answer 11

AP
AP rotational lateral
horizontal beam lateral

Question 12

humerus

special projections

Answer 12

transthoracic lateral

Question 13

shoulder

basic nontrauma projections

Answer 13

AP external rotation

AP internal rotation

Question 14

shoulder

special nontrauma projections

Answer 14

inferosuperior axial (lawrence method) 
superoinferior axial (hobbs modification) 
inferosuperior axial (clements modification)
posterior oblique glenoid cavity (grashey method)
tangential projection intertuburcular groove (fisk method)

Question 15

shoulder

basic trauma projections

Answer 15

AP neutral rotation
transthoracic lateral (lawrence method)
Scapular Y lateral

Question 16

shoulder

special trauma projections

Answer 16

tangential projection supraspinatus outlet (Neer method)
apical oblique (garth method)

Question 17

clavicle

basic projections

Answer 17

AP

AP axial

Question 18

AC joints

basic projections

Answer 18

AP bilateral with weights

AP bilateral without weights

Question 19

Scapula

basic projections

Answer 19

AP
Lateral “Y”
erect
recumbent

Question 20

HUMERUS

clinical indications

Answer 20

fractures and dislocations of humerus

osteoporosis

Question 21

HUMERUS

technical factors

Answer 21

SID = 40

75-85 kVp

Question 22

Humerus AP projection

Answer 22

central ray perpendicular to midpoint of humerus
epicondyles parallel to IR
need elbow and shoulder joints

Question 23

how do you know you have a true AP projection of the humerus

Answer 23

greater tuburcle in profile
humeral head partially seen in profile
epicondyles in profile

Question 24

rotational lateral of the humerus

Answer 24

arm is internally rotated
epicondyles perpendicular to IR
central ray at midpoint of humerus
respiration suspended

Question 25

how do you know you have a true rotational lateral of the humerus

Answer 25

epicondyles are directly superimposed | lesser tuburcle in profile medially

Question 26

horizontal beam lateral humerus | trauma

Answer 26

done for the mid and distal humerus on a trauma patient 70-85 kVp patient is supine elbow flexed IR placed between arm and thorax -top of IR at axilla

Question 27

horizontal beam lateral humerus | evaluation criteria

Answer 27

elbow joint visible | distal 2/3rds of humerus is well visualized

Question 28

transthoracic lateral humerus | clinical indications

Answer 28

fractures of diaphysis of humerus

Question 29

transthoracic lateral humerus

Answer 29

80-90 kVp orthostatic breathing technique 2-4 seconds affected arm in neutral position opposite arm raised above head central ray centered to mid thorax

Question 30

what do you do if the pt. cannot lift the arm above their head for a transthoracic projection

Answer 30

drop the shoulder and angle the CR 10-15 degrees cephalad

Question 31

clavicle AP and AP axial projections | clinical indications

Answer 31

fractures and dislocations of the clavicle SID = 40 75-85 kVp 10x12 IR

Question 32

Clavicle | AP projection positioning

Answer 32

clavicle centered to IR and CR | CR perpendiclar to midclavicle

Question 33

Clavicle | AP axial projection positioning

Answer 33

CR angled 15-30 degrees cephalad to mid clavicle | asthenic patients require more angulation

Question 34

AC joints | bilateral with/without weights

Answer 34

SID = 72 70-80 kVp CR is directed midway between the AC joints one inch above the jugular notch

Question 35

why do we use the weights for AC joints

Answer 35

to separate the AC joint

Question 36

AC joints | Weights for large adults

Answer 36

8-10 lbs

Question 37

AC joints | weights for smaller adults

Answer 37

5-8 lbs

Question 38

Alternate AP axial projection of the AC joints

Answer 38

(alexander method) | CR 15 degrees cephelad centered at AC joints

Question 39

Scapula AP projection

Answer 39

SID = 40 75-85 kVp orthostatic breathing technique 3-4 seconds abduct arm 90 degrees and supinate the hand CR perpendicular to midscapula 2 inches below the coracoid process

Question 40

Scapula | Lateral projection RAO or LAO

Answer 40

horizontal fractures of the scapula rotate pt. about 45 degrees or until the AC joint is perpendicular to the IR CR is perpendicular to mid vertebral border of the scapula

Question 41

for demonstrating the body of the scapula

Answer 41

the pt. reaches across the front of the chest and grasps opposite shoulder

Question 42

for demonstrating the acromion and coracoid

Answer 42

flex the elbow and place hand on lower back

Question 43

bankart fracture

Answer 43

fracture of the anteroinferior glenoid rim | seen in 85% of cases after a traumatic anterior dislocation

Question 44

impingement syndrome

Answer 44

impingement of the greater tuberosity and soft tissues on the coracoacromial ligamnetous and osseous arch