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GCSE Chemistry > Hydrocarbons + Carboxylic Acids > Flashcards

Hydrocarbons + Carboxylic Acids Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What are most hydrocarbons?

A

Alkanes

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2
Q

What is the structure of alkanes?

A

Carbon atoms bond to four atoms (hydrogen or carbon)

Saturated

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3
Q

What does saturated mean?

A

All bonds with other atoms are single bonds

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4
Q

What are alkane uses and why?

A

Fuels (low reactivity but combust well)

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5
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH(2n+2)

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6
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of compounds with the same general formula

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7
Q

What is the general formula of alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

What makes alkenes more reactive than alkanes?

A

Their C=C functional group

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9
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated?

A

They contain a double bond between two of their carbon atoms (C=C)

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10
Q

How many more hydrogen atoms does an alkane with the same number of carbon atoms have compared to an alkene?

A

2

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11
Q

What is the formula of pentene?

A

C5H10

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12
Q

What is produced from an alkene and hydrogen?

A

An alkane

nickel catalyst present

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13
Q

What is adding hydrogen to an alkene called?

A

Hydrogenation

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14
Q

What is produced from an alkene and oxygen?

A

Carbon monoxide + carbon (soot) + water
or
Carbon dioxide + water

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15
Q

Is the combustion of alkenes and oxygen complete or incomplete?

A

Incomplete so they burn with smoky flames

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16
Q

What is produced from an alkene and a halogen?

A

A colourless solution

shaken with bromine water

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17
Q

How can alkenes and alkanes be distinguished?

A

Shaken with bromine water, alkenes turn colourless from orange-brown

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18
Q

What is produced from an alkene and water (steam)?

A

Alcohols

phosphoric acid catalyst

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19
Q

What are properties of carbon monoxide?

A

Colourless
Toxic
Odourless

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20
Q

What is created when alkanes are burned with a lack of oxygen?

A

Carbon monoxide

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21
Q

What does the combustion of hydrocarbons when there is good air supply involve?

A

Energy release

Oxidation of carbon and hydrogen creates carbon dioxide and water

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22
Q

What is the functional group of alcohols?

A

Hydroxyl (-OH)

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23
Q

What can alcohols be dehydrated to form?

A

Alkenes

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24
Q

What is the general formula of alcohols?

A

CnH2n+1OH

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25
What is the formula for butanol?
C4H9OH
26
What are the alkanes in order?
``` Methane Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane ```
27
What do alcohols release when combusting?
Energy
28
How do we measure the temperature change of combusting alcohols?
1) Measure mass of alcohol and burner before and after combustion of fuel 2) Measure temperature of water before and after to find temperature change 3) Divide temperature change by mass of fuel used to find mass needed to heat water up by 1 degree
29
What must be considered when measuring the temperature change of combusting alcohols? (3)
Heat energy is lost to surroundings so draft insulators minimise heat loss Heat energy is used to heat the glass instead of the water Some water can evaporate
30
What do alcohols and air (and heat) produce?
Carbon dioxide and water
31
What do alcohols and sodium produce?
Hydrogen
32
What do alcohols and water produce?
They dissolve to give neutral solutions
33
What do alcohols and oxidising agents produce?
Carboxylic acids
34
What happens to carboxylic acids in water?
They partially ionise (weak acids)
35
What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?
Carboxyl (-COOH)
36
What is the general formula of carboxylic acids?
CnH2n+1COOH
37
What is the formula of butanoic acid?
CH3CH2CH2COOH
38
How do carboxylic acids react with water?
They dissolve to give solutions with an acidic pH
39
What does the reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols (and an acid catalyst) produce?
An ester and water
40
What is produced from the reaction of carbonates and carboxylic acids?
A salt Carbon dioxide Water
41
How can alcohols be oxidised? (2)
Oxygen in air | Oxidising agent
42
What is the process of fermentation?
1) Add yeast to sugar solution 2) Aqueous ethanol solution and carbon dioxide form 3) Fractionally distill ethanol mixture for higher ethanol concentration
43
What are the ideal conditions for fermentation?
37 degrees C Slightly acidic solution Absence of oxygen (anaerobic)
44
What are polymers?
Large, chain-like molecules made from monomers
45
What are polymers held together by?
Strong covalent bonds between atoms in molecules | Weak intermolecular forces between molecules
46
What are properties of polymers?
Usually solid at room temperature | Melt easily due to weaker intermolecular forces than chemical bonds
47
What are the monomers of addition polymerisation?
Alkenes due to their C=C bond opening
48
What are the products of addition polymerisation?
Only the polymer
49
What is the naming process of polymers?
'poly' (monomer)
50
Why are intermolecular forces stronger in polymers than small molecules?
Polymers are bigger
51
What is condensation polymerisation?
The joining of monomers with 2 functional groups to producer larger polymers and small by-products
52
What is the simplest type of condensation polymerisation?
2 monomers with identical functional groups | diol + dicarboxylic acid --> polyester + water
53
Why do polymers cause many wastage problems?
They do not biodegrade (break up easily)
54
Why are plastics difficult to recycle?
Many different types of plastic need to be sorted
55
What happens when plastic is combusted?
Toxic acidic gases are released
56
What are problems with polymers? (4)
Landfill sites Difficulty recycling Combustion releases harmful chemicals Expensive
57
What are advantages of synthetic polymers?
Recycling reduces crude oil usage Combustion releases energy Non-biodegradable so do not rot
58
What are disadvantages of synthetic polymers?
Burning releases toxic gases | Sorting and recycling is expensive
59
What are the naturally occurring polymers? (4)
Starch Cellulose DNA Proteins
60
What are the monomers of starch and cellulose?
Sugars
61
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids
62
What are the monomers of DNA?
4 different nucleotides

GCSE Chemistry (10 decks)

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