Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR 240 > Hyper vs Hypo > Flashcards

Hyper vs Hypo Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of Hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism (key note: parathyroid regulates calcium)
Increased intake of calcium (Vitamin D)
Glucocorticoids (key: suppress the absorption of calcium)
Hyperthyroidism
Calcium excretion decreased with thiazide diuretics
Adrenal insufficiency (Addision’s Disease)
Lithium usage (affects parathyroid)

(Remember HIGHCAL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

S/S of Hypercalcemia

A

Weakness in muscles (Lethargy)
EKG changes (shorted QT interval)
Absent reflexes, Absent minded, Constipation
Kidney stone formation

Remember: body is too WEAK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Thiazide Diuretics

A

Increase calcium levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nursing Interventions for Hypercalcemia

A

Keep patient hydrated (decrease stone formation)
Safety (falls/injuries)
Monitor cardiac, GI, renal, and neuro status
Compliants of abdominal pain can mean kidney stone formation
Administer Calcitonin (calcium reabsorption inhibitor)
Dialysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Calcium RICH foods

A

Yogurt
Sardines
Cheese
Spinach
Collard Greens
Tofu
Rhubarb
Milk

Remember: Young sally’s calicum serum continues to randomly mess up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Causes of Hypocalcemia

A

Low parathyroid hormone
Oral intake inadequate
Wound Drainage (GI system)
Celiac’s Disease/Crohn’s Disease
Acute Pancreatitis
Low Vitamin D intake
Chronic Kidney Disease (excessive excretion of Ca2+)
Increased Phosphorous levels
Using medications
Mobility issues

Remember: LOW CALCIUM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Electrolyte to monitor with neck surgery/removal of any neck surgery?

A

Calcium levels

watch for hypocalcemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

S/S of Hypocalemia

A

Confusion
Reflexes are hyperactive
Arrhythmias (PROLONGED QT INTERVAL)
Muscles spasms in calves/feet
Positive Trousseaus sign
Sign of Chvosteks sign

Remember: CRAMPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Positive Trousseaus Sign

A

usually presents before Chvosteks sign

process: inflate BP cuff a bit higher than baseline systolic and hold for 3 minutes, it is positive when the hand involuntarily flexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sign of Chvosteks

A

hyperexcitability of the facial nerves

Process: tap on the jaw and on effected side the lips or nose will twitch towards the side that is being tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nursing Interventions for Hypocalcemia

A

Safety - risk for bone fractures
Watch for laryngeal spasms
Administer IV Calcium Gluconate - ADMINISTER SLOW - watch for digoxin, can cause toxicity
Administer Vitamin D to promote absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes for Hyperkalemia

A

Cellular movement of K+ from intracellular to extracellular (burns, tissue damage, ACIDOSIS)
Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)
Renal Failure
Excessive Potassium Intake
Drugs (Aldactens, ACE inhibitors, NSAIDS)

Remember: “Body CARED too much for K+)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is potassium responsible for?

A

Potassium is responsible for nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction

note: potassium rather be INTRACELLULAR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

S/S of Hyperkalemia

A

Muscle weakness
Urine production is low or absent
Respiratory Failure
Decreased Cardiac Contractility (weak pulse, low BP)
Early signs of muscle twitching, cramps
Rhythm changes - TALL PEAKED T WAVE, FLAT P

Remember: Hyperkalemia is dangerous it may MURDER them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Nursing Interventions for Hyperkalemia

A

Monitor Cardiac, Respiratory, Neuromuscular & GI status
STOP IV potassium infusion or hold supplements if ordered
Initiate K+ restrictive diet
Prepare patient for dialysis
Order Lassie or other K+ wasting drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Potassium RICH foods

A

Potatoes
Oranges
Tomatoes
Avocados
Strawberries
Spinach
fIsh
Mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Causes for Hypokalemia

A

Drugs (Laxatives, Diuretics, Corticosteroids)
Inadequate intake K+ (NPO, anorexia)
Too much water intake (dilutes K+)
Cushing Syndrome
Heavy fluid loss (NG suction, wound drainages, diarrhea)
ALKALOSIS

Remember: Body is trying to DITCH K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When a patient is connected to an NG tube, what do you need to watch out for?

A

HYPOkalemia
HYPOnatremia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

S/S of Hypokalemia

A

EVERYTHING IS SLOW AND LOW

Weak pulse
Decreased bowel sounds
Confusion
Shallow respirations
EKG changes: depressed ST segment, U-wave

Remember 7 L’s:
Lethargic
Low, shallow respiratory
Lethal cardia A’s
low of urine
leg cramps
limp muscles
low BP and HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Nursing Interventions for Hypokalemia

A

Watch Heart Rhythm, respiratory status, GI, and renal
Watch magnesium levels
levels >2.5 - start potassium INFUSION
Hold Lasix, Thiazides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Causes of Hyperatremia

A

Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome)
Increased Na2+ intake
GI feeding without adequate H2O supplement
Hypertonic solutions (ex: 3% saline)
Sodium excretion decreased (body is retaining sodium)
Aldosterone problems
Loss of fluids (dehydrated, fever, sweating)
Thirst impairment

Remember: HIGH SALT

22
Q

What is the role of sodium in the body?

A

Helps water move inside and outside of the cell

Wherever sodium goes, water follows.

23
Q

S/S of Hyperatremia

A

Fever, flushed, skin
Restless, really agitated
Increased fluid retention
Edema, extremely confused
Decreased urine output, dry mouth mouth/skin

Remember: “No FRIED foods for you”

24
Q

Nursing Interventions for Hyperatremia

A

Restrict Na2+ intake
- reduce foods such as bacon, butter, canned foods, cheese, hot dogs, lunch meat, processed foods, table salt
Patient safety
- confused and agitated
MD may order an isotonic/hypertonic IV solution (0.45 normal saline - Gove slowly)
Educate about diet

25
Q

Cause of Hypoatremia

A

Na2+ excretion increased with renal problems, NG suction, vomiting, diuretics
Overload of fluids (CHF, liver failure)
Na2+ intake low through low salt diet or NPO status
Antidiuretic hormone over secreted

Remember: No Na2+

26
Q

S/S of Hypoantremia

A

Seizures and Stupor
Abdominal cramping and confusion
Lethargic
Tendon reflexes diminished, trouble concentrating
Loss of urine and appetite
Orthostatic hypotension, overactive bowels
Shallow respirations
Spasms of muscles

Remember: SALT LOSS

27
Q

Nursing Interventions for Hypoatremia

A

Watch cardiac, respiratory, GI and neurological stats\us
Hypovolemic: administer IV solution to restore fluids (3% saline)
Hypervolemic: restrict fluids, diuretic or dialysis

28
Q

Causes of Hypermagnesemia

A

Magnesium containing antacids and laxatives
Addisons Disease
Glomerular filtration insufficiency (renal failure, kidneys are keeping too much mg)

Remember: MAG
- not very common

29
Q

What is the role of magnesium

A

cell function such as transferring and storing energy, regulation of parathyroid hormone, metabolism of carbs, lipids, proteins, regulates blood pressure

30
Q

S/S of Hypermagnesemia

A

Lethargy
EKG changes (PR + QT prolonged intervals)
Tendon reflexes are diminished/absent
Hypotension
Arrhythmias (bradycardia)
Respiratory arrest
GI issues
Impaired breathing (skeletal weakness)
Cardiac Arrest

Remember: Lethargic
- only in severe cases

31
Q

Nursing Interventions for Hypermagnesemia

A

Monitor cardiac, resp, GI, and neuro
Ensure safety due to Lethargic/drowsy
Prevention: avoid giving pt in renal failure magnesium containing magnesium antacids/laxatives
Renal failure prep dialysis
IV Ca+ ordered to release side effects
preferred in central line

32
Q

Magnesium RICH foods

A

Avocado
Green leafy vegetables
Peanut butter, pork
Oatmeal
Fish
Cauliflower
Legumes
Nuts
Oranges
Milk

Remember: Always Get Plenty Of Foods Containing Large Numbers of Magnesium

33
Q

Causes of Hypomagnesemia

A

Limited intake of magnesium (starvation)
Other electrolyte issues cause decrease mg (hypokalemia, hypocalcemia)
Wasting Mg+ via kidneys (Loop or Thiazide diuretics)
Malabsorption issues (patient with history of Crohns, Celiac, diarrhea)
Alcohol (poor dietary intake)
Glycemic issues (DKA, insulin)

Remember: LOW MAG

34
Q

Where is magnesium absorbed

A

the small intestine

note: excreted via the kidneys
- any issues with these systems causes issues with mg levels

35
Q

S/S of Hypomagnesemia

A

Trouessau’s sign (low calcium levels)
Weak respirations
Irritability
Torsades de pointes( abnormal heart rhythm - correlated to alcoholics), tetany
Cardiac changes (flat T wave)
Hypertension, hyper reflexes
Involuntary movements
Nausea
GI Issues (decreased bowel sounds and movement)

Remember: “Twitching”

36
Q

Nursing Interventions for Hypomagnesemia

A

Monitor Cardiac, Respiratory, GI, and Neurological status
Administer Magnesium Sulfate IV infusion - monitor Mg levels closely
Checking deep tendon reflexes
Place on seizure precautions

37
Q

Causes of Hyperphosphatemia

A

Phosphosoda overuse: phosphate containing laxative and enemas
Hypoparathyroidism
Overuse of Vitamin D
Syndrome of tumor lysis
Habdomyolysis
Insufficiency of kidneys

Remember: PHOSHI

38
Q

What is the role of phosphate?

A

builds bone and teeth and nerve and muscle function

stored mainly in bones
kidneys and parathyroid regulate

39
Q

S/S of Hyperphosphatemia

A

Confusion
Reflexes hyperactive
Anorexia
Muscles spasms in calves/feet
Positive Trousseau’s Sign
Sign of Chvosteks

-similar to hypocalcemia

40
Q

Nursing Interventions for Hyperphosphatemia

A

Administer phosphate binding drugs - Phoslo
No phosphate laxatives/enemas
Restrict food rich in Photo
Prepare for dialysis

41
Q

Nursing Interventions for Hyperphosphatemia

A

Administer phosphate binding drugs - Phoslo
No phosphate laxatives/enemas
Restrict food rich in Photo
Prepare for dialysis

42
Q

Phosphate RICH foods

A

Fish
Nuts
Chicken
Beef
Organ meats
Pork
Whole Grains

43
Q

Causes for Hypophosphatemia

A

Pharmacy: Aluminum, lack of vitamin D
Hyperparathyroidism: too much secretion of hormone
Oncogenic osteomalacia: kidneys wasting phosphate, bones soften
Syndrome of referring
Pulmonary Issues
Hyperthyroidism
Alcoholism
Thermal burns: extreme burns all over the body
Electrolyte imbalances: hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia

Remember: PHOSPHATE

44
Q

S/S of Hypophosphatemia

A

Breathing problems due to muscle weakness
Rhabdomyolysis: caused by electrolyte disturances (Tea colored urine)
Osteomalacia: bone function, deformity, softening of the bones
Kills immune system (suppression)
Extreme weakness
Neuro changes (confusion, irritability, seizure precautions)

Remember: BROKEN

45
Q

Nursing Interventions for Hypophosphatemia

A

Administer oral phosphorus with Vitamin D
Ensure patient safety - bone & confusion
Encourage foods rich in phosphate
Watch Ca2+ levels
Make sure renal status is good

46
Q

What is the role of chloride?

A

maintain the acid-base balance
balances fluids with Na2+

47
Q

Causes of Hypochloremia

A

GI related - vomiting, gastric juice, ileostomy
Diuretics - Thiazides
Burns
Cystic Fibrosis
Metabloc Alkalosis

48
Q

S/S of Hypochloremia

A

same s/s as hypoatremia

49
Q

Nursing Interventions for Hypochloremia

A

Look at the sodium level and assess for s/s of hypoatremia
Other labs to monitor: HIGH bicarbonate & LOW potassium
Saline (normal saline 0.9%) administration
Sources of chloride rich food

Remember: LOSS

50
Q

Causes of Hyperchloremia

A

Increase Sodium intake
No water drinking or loss too much water
Decrease bicarbonate
Cohn’s Syndrome
Corticosteroids
Metabolic Acidosis

51
Q

Nursing Interventions of Hyperchoremia

A

Hold sodium chloride infusions - follow low sodium/chloride rich foods
Instead lactated Ringer - decrease chloride levels - lactate is turned into bicarb
Collect I & O
Labs to monitor - chloride, sodium, bicarb

NUR 240 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions