Hypersensitivities

Question 1

What are the immune system pathways

Answer 1

Too much
Not enough
Wrong antigen
Training needed

Question 2

What determines hyper sensitivity reaction

Answer 2

Antigen and entry site

Question 3

What do B-lymphocytes do

Answer 3

Neutralize microbe
Phagocytize
Activate complement system

Question 4

What are the types of T Lymphocytes

Answer 4

T-helper
T-cytotoxic
T-regulatory

Question 5

What do T-helper cells do

Answer 5

Activate macrophages
Cause inflammation
T&B cell activation

Question 6

What do Cytotoxic T cells do

Answer 6

Kill infected cell

Question 7

What do T-regulatory cells do

Answer 7

T-lymphocyte responds and causes immune response suppression to prevent autoimmune responses

Question 8

How many exposures are required to develop a hypersensitivity

Answer 8

1
Could need multiple to develop enough lymphocytes

Question 9

What are hypersensitivity responses

Answer 9

A response than causes a reaction in the body

Question 10

How long does it take a hypersensitivity response to occur

Answer 10

Could be immediate or delayed

Question 11

What are the types of hypersensitivities

Answer 11

Allergic
Cytotoxic
Immune mediated
Delayed (T-cell mediated)

Question 12

What antibodies are involved with allergic reaction

Answer 12

IgE

Question 13

What antibodies are involved with cytotoxic reactions

Answer 13

IgG

Question 14

What antibodies are involved with immune mediated reactions

Answer 14

IgG
Rare

Question 15

What causes immune mediated hypersensitivities

Answer 15

An antigen coming from oral antibiotics or from an infected source (hep B)

Question 16

What antibodies are involved with cell mediated reactions

Answer 16

T-cells

Question 17

What happens first with type 1 reactions

Answer 17

Significant Mast cell degranulation

Question 18

What are type 1 reactions associated with

Answer 18

Seasonal allergies

Question 19

What are common symptoms from type 1 reactions

Answer 19

Urticaria
Rhinitis
Conjunctivitis
GI allergy
*anaphylaxis

Question 20

What would cause someone to have an increased risk of type 1 reactions

Answer 20

An atopic patient has increased production of IgE

Question 21

What is the most important mediator for mast cells

Answer 21

Histamine

Question 22

What do H1 receptors do in type 1 reactions

Answer 22

Smooth muscle contraction (bronchospasm) and increased vasodilation/permeability

Question 23

What do H2 receptors do in Type 1 reactions

Answer 23

Increase gastric acid secretion
Use negative feedback loop

Question 24

What else do mast cells release in type 1 reactions besides histamine

Answer 24

Leukotriene
Prostaglandins

Question 25

How does Epi and steroids help during anaphylaxis

Answer 25

Epi- counters the histamine Steroids-inhibit cytokines, inflammatory response, and enzymes

Question 26

What is a Type 2 hypersensitivity

Answer 26

Tissue specific reaction

Question 27

How do type 2 hypersensitivity reactions occur

Answer 27

Outside antigen binds to specific tissue plasma membrane and acts as a target for the reaction

Question 28

What type of antibody response occurs with type 2 reactions

Answer 28

IgG or IgM

Question 29

What cellular process can occur to cause type 2 reactions

Answer 29

Cell mediated lysis Phagocytosis MAC (osmotic lysis) NK cells (apoptosis) Antibodies bind and block receptors

Question 30

What occurs during type 3 hyper sensitivity reactions

Answer 30

Antibody bonds with circulating antigen and forms antibody-antigen complex

Question 31

Is type 3 reactions tissue specific?

Answer 31

No- will cause inflammation wherever they deposit

Question 32

What are examples of type 3 reactions

Answer 32

Reynauds Systemic lupus

Question 33

What are classic symptoms of systemic lupus

Answer 33

Malar rash Oral ulcers Pericarditis Pleurisy Lupus nephritis Heme disorders

Question 34

What do antibody-antigen complexes have an affinity for

Answer 34

Glomerular basement membrane Choroid plexus Heart Spleen Lung GI tracts Skin

Question 35

What are common type 4 reactions

Answer 35

Hashimoto Type I DM Poison Ivy Graft rejection

Question 36

What happens during a blood transfusion if patient receives uncrossed blood w/antibodies

Answer 36

The antibodies will bind to their own RBC antigens and host erythrocytes will agglutinate

Question 37

What type of response occurs in blood transfusion reactions

Answer 37

IgM-> the circulating antibodies will already be present against other AB antigens

Question 38

What is scleroderma

Answer 38

Excessive fibrosis tissue with multiple antibodies and obliterating vascular disease

Question 39

What can cause scleroderma

Answer 39

Genetic predisposition (epigenetic trigger) Immune response Th cells and cytokines increase fibroblast activity

Question 40

What type of scleroderma is most common

Answer 40

Systemic

Question 41

What happens to a person with scleroderma

Answer 41

The connective tissue of skin and organs are attacked, causing ischemia and occlusion

Question 42

What happens when scleroderma lesions become sclerotic

Answer 42

Difficulty opening mouth Sclerosis of kidneys/GI tract/ lungs

Question 43

What is X-linked agammaglobinemia

Answer 43

X-linked recessive disease B-cells are unable to mature appropriately

Question 44

What happens if B-cells can’t mature correctly

Answer 44

No follicles in spleen/lymph nodes/ plasma

Question 45

What is a common variable immonodificiency

Answer 45

Most common diagnosed immunodeficiency Poor antibody response (heterogenous presentation)

Question 46

What mediated response occurs in common variable immunodeficiency

Answer 46

IgG and other Ig levels along with T-Cell defects

Question 47

How are common variable immunodeficiency reactions aquired

Answer 47

*can be genetic From recurrent infections (often respiratory) Chronic inflammation or from autoimmune disorders

Question 48

What is IgA deficiency

Answer 48

Normal IgG and IgM but lack of IgA Weakened mucosal defenses (sinopulmonary and GI infections)

Question 49

What is IgA deficiency associated with

Answer 49

Other autoimmune diseases

Question 50

What is hyper IgM syndrome

Answer 50

Low levels of IgG, IgA, IgE X-linked with defective B-cells

Question 51

What happens in hyper IgM syndrome

Answer 51

CD4 Th cells cannot bind and therefore cannot activate B-cells Lack of communication causes no cell mediated response to trigger the humoral response-> decreases macrophage response and causes increased risk of unchecked intercellular infections

Question 52

What is another name for thymic hypoplasia

Answer 52

DiGeorge syndrome

Question 53

What is thymic hypoplasia

Answer 53

In appropriate thymus development

Question 54

What is associated with thymic hypoplasia

Answer 54

Hypocalcemia, tetany, parathyroid hypoplasia

Question 55

What physical defects are seen with DiGeorge syndrome

Answer 55

Midline facial defects and aortic arch abnormalities

Question 56

What happens cellularly with DiGeorge syndrome

Answer 56

Decreased T-Cells (B-Cells are normal)

Question 57

What is the function of IgA antibodies

Answer 57

First line of defense for microbes entering the body Found in mucous membranes of lung and GI tract

Question 58

IgD function

Answer 58

On surface of mature B cells for antigen recognition

Question 59

IgE function

Answer 59

Binds to mast cells and subsequently the antigen causing a release of Mast cell party packs = allergy symptoms

Question 60

IgG function

Answer 60

Major antibody in the blood Promotes target cell lysis& phagocytosis Helps neonatal immunity

Question 61

IgM function

Answer 61

First antibody class produce to respond to antigen Lives on mature B cell surface to act as antigen receptor