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CABS 1 Test > Infectious Labs > Flashcards

Infectious Labs Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What does CBC with diff include

A

RBC count
Hemoglobin
Hematocrit
WBC breakdown
Platelet count
Blood smear

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2
Q

What’s included with a WBC breakdown

A

Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils

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3
Q

What does the WBC breakdown tell us

A

Total number of WBC in venous system

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4
Q

If the WBC breakdown increases, what is it indicative of?

A

Leukemia
Trauma
Stress

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5
Q

If the number of WBC in a diff decreases, what does it mean

A

Infection
Failure of marrow
Radiation therapy

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6
Q

What does ANC stand for

A

Absolute neutrophil count

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7
Q

What does ANC show

A

The risk of infection

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8
Q

Which patients will have low ANC

A

Oncology patients

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9
Q

What are some other components of blood

A

Water
Electrolytes
Proteins
Gases
Nutrients
Waste

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10
Q

What does water in the blood do

A

It is a carrying liquid

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11
Q

What do electrolytes in the blood do

A

Assist with cellular function (calcium helps with clot formation)

Maintains pH and membrane excitability

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12
Q

What do proteins in blood do

A

Buffer and maintain osmotic pressure

Also responsible for antibodies

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13
Q

What is the most important protein in the blood and why?

A

Albumin because it makes up the bulk of the plasma

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14
Q

What do gases in the blood do

A

Byproduct of HC03- buffer and it helps with protein breakdown

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15
Q

What do nutrients in the blood do?

A

Helps with tissue repair and cellular fuction

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16
Q

What does waste in the blood contain?

A

Protein catabolism
Energy/protein metabolism
RBC destruction

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17
Q

What are neutrophils

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)

-Most numerous leukocyte
- type of granulocyte

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18
Q

Where are neutrophils made

A

Bone marrow (takes 7-14 days)

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19
Q

How long do neutrophils circulate

A

6 hours

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20
Q

What does the DNA of the neutrophil do?

A

Encases the pathogen and increases WBC affinity for the pathogen….

Will form a phagosome once FB is intracellular and breaks it down to create antigen

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21
Q

If there are a lot of young WBC… what does that mean for the patient

A

There is something causing the bone marrow to produce lots of WBC

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22
Q

What will a lot of young WBC look like on a CBC with diff

A

The left shift

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23
Q

What causes neutrophilia?

A

Stress
Infection
Myelocytic leukemia
Inflammatory disorder
Metabolic disorders

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24
Q

What causes neutropenia

A

Anemia
Overwhelming infection
Viral infection
Chemo

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25
What are monocytes and what do they do
APC (more than neutrophils) Phagocytize nectrotic debris Circulate longer than neutrophils
26
What causes monocytosis
Chronic inflammation Ulcerative colitis Parasites
27
What causes monocytopenia
Anemia Prednisone
28
When are eosinophils and basophils seen
During parasitic infections ( not with bacterial OR viral infections)
29
What do eosinophils do
Create immediate hypersensitivity and fight off extracellular parasites
30
What do basophils do
Similar to mast cells, they increase inflammation reaction ( contain histamines, heparin, seratonin)
31
What do lymphocytes do
Combat chronic bacteria and acute viral infections
32
What are the types of lymphocytes
T- cells B-cells NK cells
33
What causes lymphocytosis
Viral infections Hepatitis Multiple myeloma Chronic bacterial infections
34
What causes lymphocytopenia
Leukemia Sepsis HIV Covid
35
What does a blood smear show
Takes a close look at RBCs and WBCs to identify infection, congenital disease, and leukemia
36
When are blood smears done
Only when something unusual pops up (concern for leukemia)
37
What is ESR
Erythrocyte sediment rate
38
What is CRP
C- Reactive Protein
39
What’s does ESR/CRP show
Non-specific inflammatory markers
40
What is the pro/con of ESR
More accurate in long term diseases, takes longer to increase, but stays increased longer
41
What are the pros/cons of CRP
Acute phase reactant protein, indicates infection, and it’s faster than ESR DM/HTN/smoking can all increase results
42
What is lactate indicative of
Tissue hypoxia with anaerobic metabolism instead of aerobic
43
What factors can influence lactate levels
Sepsis, exercise, and shock can all increase lactate levels Leaving a tourniquet on too long while drawing blood will also increase
44
What can you not tell by just looking at increased lactate levels
Whether it’s local or systemic
45
What is type 1 lactate increase
Lactate had increased but it’s drug induced instead of hypoxia
46
Type 2 increased lactate
This is the classic one caused from seizures, shock, and local ischemia
47
What is type 3 increased lactate
Idiopathic
48
When are cultures drawn
When looking for infection (placed on different mediums for optimal conditions)
49
When are blood cultures drawn
Bacteremia identification (intermittent or transient)
50
How many cultures are needed and from where to identify bacteremia
2 from 2 different locations
51
How long does it take for a blood culture to result
24 hours UNLESS it’s anaerobic
52
When are urine cultures drawn
Checking for UTI or STDs
53
When do you take an STD urine culture
In the morning for “dirty” urine (30cc)
54
How to test urine for UTI
Need clean urine- collect midstream
55
What does a purple gram stain result indicate
Gram positive
56
When are viral cultures seen
Highest in early disease process
57
What is important when taking viral cultures
Medium culture is grown on
58
How long does it take a viral culture to result
3-7 days
59
How are viral cultures separated
Whether they have RNA or DNA makeup
60
When looking at a viral culture sample, how will you know if a virus is drug sensitive
It will have a no growth ring around it

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