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CABS 1 Test > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

What are the portals of entry for pathogens?

A

Cutaneous
Mucosal surfaces
Respiratory tract (cilia)
GI/GU systems

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2
Q

What is innate immunity

A

Immunity you are born with
First line of defense

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the innate immune system?

A

Epithelial barriers
Inflammation
Non-specific
No memory
Rapid defense

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4
Q

What is adaptive immunity

A

Acquired

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5
Q

What characteristics does adaptive immunity have?

A

Memory cells
Specific antigen response
Initiated by inflammation response

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6
Q

What structures make up the innate immune system?

A

Secretory molecules (saliva)
Cilia
Epithelial cells
Cell derived chemicals
Normal flora

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7
Q

Why is the top layer of skin beneficial to the innate immune system?

A

It sloughs off and Carrie’s bacteria with it

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8
Q

What enzymes make up the innate immune system?

A

Lysozymes (kill gram +)
Sebaceous glands ( lower pH)
Defensins
Collectins

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9
Q

What are defensins?

A

Antimicrobial peptides that disrupt the bacterial cell wall-> made by neutrophils

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10
Q

What are collectins?

A

Active macrophages which increases phagocytosis

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11
Q

What is the second line of defense in the innate immune system?

A

Inflammatory response

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12
Q

What physically occurs during the inflammation response?

A

Redness, swelling, heat, pain, functional loss

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13
Q

What happens when the mast cells are triggered?

A

Histamines are released to increase vascular permeability and vasodilation

Also starts the clotting cascade

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14
Q

What does increase in vascular permeability allow for?

A

Diapedesis of neutrophils

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15
Q

How does the clotting cascade help in the immune system?

A

Clots will create a fibrin net to trap bacteria

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16
Q

Where are selectins found and what do they do?

A

Intravascularly and they attract neutrophils to the area so they can diapedese

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17
Q

Where is the plasma protein made and where is it found?

A

Plasma protein are made in the liver and circulate the blood inactively until activated by inflammation (histamine release)

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18
Q

What processes make up the plasma protein system of the inflammation process?

A

Complement system, kinin system, and clotting system

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19
Q

What does the complement system do in innate immunity?

A

Allows for tagging bacteria and chemically attracting neutrophils- complements antibodies and phagocytosis

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20
Q

What does the clotting system do during innate immunity?

A

Intrinsically and extrinsically stimulates the clotting cascade

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21
Q

What does the kinin system do for the innate immune system

A

Triggers the release of bradykinin which stimulates nociceptors

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22
Q

What are the steps in the complement system for innate immunity?

A

-Increase vasodilation and permeability
-mast cell degranulation
-increase leukocyte chemotaxis
-Opsonization (tag pathogens)
-ultimately forms MAC proteins

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23
Q

What do MAC proteins do?

A

Put pores I. The bacterial cell wall which causes cellular lysis

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24
Q

What cells make up the innate immune system?

A

Leukocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Complement proteins
Mast cells
Inflammation mediators
Neutrophils
Eosinophils/basophils

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25
What do mast cells release?
Histamines Cytokines Chemotaxic factors
26
What is the most important activator of the inflammation response?
Mast cells
27
What else will histamine do besides permeability and vasodilation?
Constriction of smooth muscles by connecting with H1 or H2 receptors
28
What makes up leukocytes?
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocyte Lymphocyte Granulocyte
29
What is the dendritic cells?
Antigen presenting cell “APC”
30
What does the dendritic cell do?
Links the innate and adaptive immune systems by activating the T-Lymphocytes on the adaptive immunity
31
What do neutrophils do?
Predominant at site of pathogen immediately, phagocytize bacteria & dead cells, makes up most purulent discharge
32
What do eosinophils defend against?
Parasites
33
What do basophils defend against?
Allergies and asthma
34
What are monocytes and where are they found
Precursor for a macrophage and it’s found circulating the blood. Once in the tissue -> becomes macrophage
35
What do monocytes do?
-Respond to chemotactic factor that neutrophils release -nom nom cellular debris -promote synthesis of extra cellular matrix
36
What do NK cells do
Recognize and kill viruses as well as defend against cancer cells
37
What do lymphatic vessels do?
Drains the interstitial fluid that drains out of the vascular system and empties it into the venous systwm
38
What part of the lymphatic system empties into the venous system?
Efferent
39
What does the afferent part of the lymphatic system do?
Brings fluid to the node… it’s 1 way flow
40
What else is found in the afferent vessels
Lots of macrophages
41
How much fluid does the lymphatic system drain a day?
Roughly 4 liters
42
What does the cortex of lymph nodes contains?
Lymphoid tissue which holds B-cells (inactive) and dendritic cells
43
What are secondary lymph nodes
Nodes that grow after the primary nodes have been stimulated -> much bigger than lymph nodules
44
What does the medullary sinus of the lymph nodes do?
Slows down lymph flow, allows lymph to interact with B-cells and then empty into the efferent system
45
What else besides dendritic cells link innate and adaptive immunity?
Cytokines
46
How do cytokines link the innate and adaptive immune system?
Signal molecules that bind and alter cellular function… can be both pro inflammatory or reduce inflammation
47
What do cytokines contain
Interleukins
48
What are interleukins
Type of cytokine that is released by macrophages and lymphocytes
49
What do interleukins do?
- Induce proliferation and maturation of leukocytes in bone marrow -help turn on/off parts of adaptive immunity
50
What are immunoglobulins?
Antibodies
51
What do antibodies do?
Fight what’s in front of them at that immediate time
52
What is MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complex
53
Where is MHC found?
On a cell surface of all nucleated cells
54
What does MHC do?
Presents the antigen to the T-cells and identifies self cells to prevent cellular damage
55
What is HLA
Human Leukocyte Antigen Complex which is coated of chromosome 6
56
Where is MHC 1 found?
On all cells
57
What does MHC 1 do?
Identifies cells with intracellular issues (cancer/flu)
58
Where is MHC 2 found?
On APC
59
What does MHC 2 do?
Identifies antigens/pathogens on cell wall and tags them for killing
60
What makes up the third line of adaptive immunity?
T and B cells
61
Where are T cells made
Thymus
62
What are the different T cells
T helper T lymphocytes Cytotoxic T cells Suppressor T cells Memory T cells
63
Where are B cells made
Bone marrow
64
What do the B&T cells do as a whole
Bind with macrophages and self induce apoptosis
65
Where does the third line adaptive immunity originate
Lymphoid stem cells -> stops growing in adolescence
66
What are the 2 main B-cells
B Helper and plasma cells
67
What are mature B-cells
Plasma cells
68
What do the plasma cells do
Make antibodies (better for bacteria) and then secretes them
69
What do the antibodies do to pathogens
Tag the antigen (destroy extracellular antigen) Form antibody-antigen complexes Induce opsonization
70
What are the classes of immunoglobulins
IgG IgE IgA IgM
71
Where are IgG antibodies found
Found in secretions and have bacterial or toxin neutralization
72
What are IgM antibodies
Largest, first secreted in response to antigen, cause agglutination
73
What are IgG antibodies?
Most numerous, help neutralize toxins, activates complement cascade, long term immunity (thanks mom)
74
What are IgE antibodies
Allergic response and secreted during parasitic infections
75
What is the general T-Cell function
Cellular immunity (T-helper is #1 guy)
76
What do the T regulator cells do
Limit the immune response
77
What aids with intracellular signaling
CD accessory proteins
78
What are the two main CD accessory proteins
CD 4 (important in HIV) CD 8
79
What are accessory organs for immunity
Tonsils Spleen
80
What makes up the tonsils
Adenoids Palentine tonsils Lingual tonsils
81
Why do adenoids get removed
For sleep apnea
82
Which tonsils usually get inflamed when sick
Palentine
83
What does the spleen do
Filters antigens Cleans blood via phagocytosis Can be stimulated via sympathetic nervous system in times of crisis

CABS 1 Test (3 decks)

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