Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune Disorders

Question 1

Urticaria means ___________ (kevin’s fav word)

Answer 1

welts wheals (kevin’s fav word)

Question 2

________1_______ by definition: is a person who is over reactive to an antigen that is tolerated by most others is said to be _______1______, in other words, the person has an increased immune response to the presence of certain antigen.

Answer 2

Hypersensitivity (or allergy)

Question 3

antigens that cause an increased immune response are called _____________.

Answer 3

allergens

Question 4

common allergens include: _______, ________, ________, and ________

Answer 4

foods (eggs, fish, shellfish, peanuts)
drugs (tetracycline, penicillin)
venom (wasp, bee, snake)
plant chemicals (poision ivy, pollens, grasses)

Question 5

four types of hypersensitivity reactions are:

• Type 1: _______________
• Type 2: ________________
• Type 3: __________________
• Type 4: __________________

Answer 5

Type 1: allergy- IgE - mast - antibody mediated
Type 2: reactions to self antigens - IgG- antibody mediated
Type 3: immune complex disease - IgG/IgM deposited behind vessel walls build-up inflammation & fibrosis - antibody mediated
Type 4: cell mediated Tc - poisoning/latex

Question 6

___________ is most common; occur within a few minutes of exposure to an antigen by a sensitized person; IgE antibodies are produced in response to an interaction with a soluble allergen

Answer 6

Type 1 Hypersensitivity - Allergy (Antibody Mediated)

Question 7

____ antibodies are produced in response to an interaction with a soluble allergen

Answer 7

IgE

Question 8

in the ___a_________ to an allergen the affected individual produces the IgE antibodies that bind to the surface of the mast cells and basophils; this is called _______b____

Answer 8

a) first response

b) sensitization

Question 9

the _____________ triggers the allergic response.

Answer 9

second exposure

Question 10

The allergic response may be _____1___ (affecting only one part of the body or one organ system) or _____2_____ (affecting the cardiovascular and respiratory system)

Answer 10

1- localized

2 - systemic

Question 11

__________ is a severe form of systemic allergic reaction (wide spread release of histamine) usually accompanied by respiratory failure and collapse due to vasodilation and fluid loss from blood, life threatening, treated with epinephrine

Answer 11

anaphylactic shock

Question 12

____________ is mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies; is directed against antigens on cell surfaces or in connective tissues - on a person’s red blood cells, lymphocytes or platelets or on tissue cells

Answer 12

Type II Hypersensitivity - Autoimmunity/Self (Antibody Mediated)

Question 13

3 types of antibody-mediated cell destruction:

Answer 13

1. Complement- and Antibody-mediated cell destruction (ie. drug reactions - penicillin)
2. Complement- and Antibody-mediated inflammation (ie. glomerulonephritis [inflammation of glomeruli and nephrons])
3. Antibody-mediated cellular dysfunction (Autoimmune) [example - Grave’s Disease - auto antibodies against TH receptors leading to hyperthyroidism]

Question 14

_____________ is IgG antibodies; antibodies form an antibody-antigen complex with soluble antigens; the complexes are numerous and are not effectibely cleared by macrophage cells; they become trapped in the basement membrane under the endothelium of blood vessels, activate the complement system and cause local tissue inflammation and injury, known as vasculitis.

Answer 14

Type III Hypersensitivity - immune complex disease (IgG and IgM build up behind vessel walls therefore causing inflammation and fibrosis therefore butterfly rash or kidneys shut down)

Question 15

____________ commonly occurs in contact dermatitis after sensitization to an allergen; antigen is processed my macrophages and presented to T cells; sensitization and proliferation of sensitized T cells occurs, which then migrate via lymph and blood vessels to the site of entry of the allergen when exposure occurs. Also occurs in transplant rejection

Answer 15

Type IV Hypersensitivity - delayed type hypersensitivity reactions (cell mediated Tc)

Question 16

visible skin reactions appear ______ hrs post allergen exposure

Answer 16

12-72 hrs

Question 17

______________ are conditions in which the cause involves immune mechanisms directed against self antigens; the body fails to distinguish self from nonself; immune responses are directed against normal tissue and become self-destructive

Answer 17

Autoimmune disorders

Question 18

_________________ is chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease involving multiple organ systems and marked by periodic acute episodes of fever, weight loss, fatigue, arthritis, skin rash, kidney, lung and heart involvement; characteristic erythematous butterfly rash over the nose and cheeks; most prevalent in women of childbearing age

Answer 18

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Question 19

_________________ is most prevalent in women of childbearing age; diffuse connective tissue disease, systemic or limited to the skin; 3 stages: edematous, sclerotic, atrophic stage; skin becomes taut, firm and edematous, limiting movement; tropic ulcers on fingertips, flexion contractures of fingers, wrist and elbow

Answer 19

Progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS, scleroderma)