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Pathology > Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are some general signs and symptoms of infectious diseases? Local and Systemic

A

Local: redness, swelling, heat and pain; abcesses; red streaks; swelling of lymph nodes; joint effusion
Systemic: fever; bacteremia (mild); sepsis (severe)

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2
Q

What are first line defences?

A

inhibit invasion and inhibit growth of organisims

examples: skin, mucous membranes, hair, etc.

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3
Q

What are second line defences?

A

the inflammatory process, animicrobial proteins, natural killer cells (complement proteins - poke holes)

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4
Q

What are third line defences?

A

the specific immune response (B and T cells)

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5
Q

___________ is poisoning by a performed toxin [ie. drug or toxic substance] (toxin in bacteria caused symptom in you)

A

Intoxication

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6
Q

___________ is a disease caused by invading microorganisms

A

infection

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7
Q

__________ means present at birth (ie. HIV infection, toxoplasmosis, herpes infection)

A

congenital

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8
Q

____________ is produced or originating from within a cell or organism (ie. recurrent lung tuberculosis, recurrent cold sore.)

A

endogenous

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9
Q

___________ is originating outside an organ or part

A

exogenous

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10
Q

___________ acquired in a healthcare facility (ie. virulant or drug-resistant germs)

A

nosocomial

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11
Q

___________ are pathogens that produce exotoxins such as botulinum and tetanus bacteria; exotoxins are disseminated in the blood and cause severe systemic manifestations.

A

Toxic organisms

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12
Q

_________________________ are many viral, fungal or bacterial infections of the skin such as staphylococcal infections, warts or mycosis.

A

invasive organisms producing local damage

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13
Q

__________________________________ ie. lyme disease, transmitted by a tick bite, causes characteristic skin lesion, but severe systemic neurologic symptoms may occur weeks to months after the bite.

A

Those producing little local damage but widespread affects

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14
Q

mechanisms of spreading of infection with a host: 2 ways: _____1____ which is the lymphatic system or blood circulation or inhalation; and ___2_____ which is tramatic inoculation in skin or mucosa, digestive tract, upper respiratory tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract

A

1- Via natural channels

2 - direct

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15
Q

____________ is the period of time from when the pathogen enters the body until the clinical symptoms appear

A

incubation period

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16
Q

___________ is the condition when after primary manifestation of an infectious disease the pathogens remain dormant in the body after signs and symptoms are gone.

A

latent infection

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17
Q

_____________ extends from when the pathogen has replicated to sufficient numbers right up to convalescence (recovery) [when you can give an infection to someone else before you knew your infectious]

A

period of communicability

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18
Q

________ is potency of the pathogen in producing severe disease and is measured by the case-fatality rate. .

A

Virulence

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19
Q

_____ is the number of pathogens is curcial for its ability to cause a disease in the host.

A

dose

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20
Q

____________ is the susceptibility of the host to the carious pathogenic agents varies on the different sites. it depends on the mode of transmission of the pathogenic agent as well as on the integrity of the natural lines of defence of the host.

A

site of infection

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21
Q

_____________________ pathologies that act to enhance the action of one another

A

synergism between different pathologies

22
Q

__________ defined as opposition to a disease, is influenced by the lines of defense and by a person’s susceptibility to an infectious disease [a person’s ability to fight disease]

A

resistance

23
Q

_____________ is the ability of the immune system to respond to individual pathogens in a specific manner, immune deficiencies increase the occurrence and spread of infection.

A

immune compentency

24
Q

________________ decreases the ability of the inflammatory and immune responses to destroy the invading organism, infection occurs more often and spreads easily

A

low leukocyte count

25
Q

_________ is when cell death increases the destructive potential of invading organisms, infection spreads easily, risk of infection with anaerobic pathogens

A

necrosis

26
Q

_______ is deficient blood supply decreases the ability of the natural defence lines to destroy the invading organism, infection spreads easily, risk of infection with anaerobic pathogens

A

ischemia

27
Q

______________ are caused by opportunist pathogens; opportunist pathogens do not cause disease in people with intact host defence system but can clearly cause devastating disease in hospitalized and immunocompromised patients

A

opportunistic infections

28
Q

_______ is synonymous with suppurative: pus forming

A

pyogenic

29
Q

___________________ is a resident microorganism of our skin and can survive off the body for long periods

A

staphylococcus aureus

30
Q

__________________ causes a variety of diseases and some are associated with the musculoskeletal system (ie. strep throat, rheumatic fever)

A

Group A Streptococci or Streptococcus pyogenes

31
Q

____________ can cause pneumonia, otitis media, mastoiditis, meningitis, bronchitis

A

Pneumococci

32
Q

___________ is a common opportunistic pathogen that produces endotoxins and exotoxins; nosocomial or hospital infections; causes wound infections, pneumonia and urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis; can cause swimmer’s ear

A

Pseudomonas

33
Q

**________ is a systemic muscle paralysis caused by Clostridium botulinum which produces a potent neurotoxin

A

botulism

34
Q

****__________ is caused by Clostridium tetani produces a potent neurotoxin; vaccination in childhood needs booster every 10 yrs

A

lock jaw

35
Q

___________ is an infectious disease that affects the lungs and may disseminate and involve lymph nodes and other organs including the vertebrae; infectious agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, transmitted by inhalation

A

tuberculosis TB

36
Q

____1____ is usually asymptomatic and ____2___

A

1- primary TB

2 - inactive

37
Q

in 10% of people develop ______ TB disease; it involves especially the lower or middle lobes of the lungs producing caseous lesions

A

active TB

38
Q

when bacteria spread through the blood to joints such as the vertebrae it is known as ___________

A

Pott’s disease

39
Q

__________ is usually associated with re-infection either exogenous (newly infected) or endogenous when the primary lesion becomes active again due to lower resistance

A

secondary TB

40
Q

__________ is a sexually transmitted infection; transmission is via unprotected sex, skin and mucous membranes, transpacental, blood transfusions

A

Syphilis

41
Q

Syphilis has three stages:

1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - painless sore at site of infection
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - systemic flu like symptoms and rash on soles of feet and palms of hands    3. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - takes 3 or more years  - cardiovascular and central nervous system damage (may be irreversible)
A
  1. primary stage
  2. secondary stage
  3. tertiary stage
42
Q

________ is an infectious multisystem disorder; borrelia burgdorferi is transmitted by tick bites from deer tocks or western black legged tocks in certain geographic areas

A

Lyme disease

43
Q

Lyme disease has three stages

  1. __________ - “erythema migrans” aka bulls eye rash and flu like symptoms (after 7-14 days)
  2. _____ - disseminated infection with neurologic symptoms, arthritis, myocarditis and other pathologies (after weeks to months)
  3. ______ - disseminated infection with rheumatoid arthritis especially of large joints (knee) and chronic neurologic symptoms (after months to years)
A
  1. characteristic skin lesion
  2. early
  3. late
44
Q

___1__ are very tiny particles made up of a NUCLEIC ACID CORE (dna or rna; single or double stranded)a covering of protein called PROTEIN COAT and sometimes an ENZYME; __1__ are not considered living things becase they cannot replicate or produce proteins on their own, they need to use the machinery of a host cell because they lack all organelles; ___1__ must first recognize a proper host cell, inject their nucleic acid, use the host cell to replicate their nucleic acid and make more protein coats

A

viruses

45
Q

viruses may lay dormant or ______ for long periods of time, but become pathogenic when something triggers them

A

latent

46
Q

some forms of human ______ have been attributed to viruses

A

cancer

47
Q

__________ is first line defence; inflammatory reaction with pain, swelling, heat and redness and unspecific immune respinse by cytokines and natural killer cells; often additional swelling of lymphnodes; fighting the invaders may cause additional local tissue injury

A

local responce

48
Q

______________ is systemic symptoms such as a fever, headache, sore throat, rashes, muscle ache, malaise, fatigue, generalized lymph node swelling [from interferon]

A

widespread responce

49
Q

immune response can either be ______1_____ or _____2_____.

A

1- nonspecific

2 - specific

50
Q

________________ is once cell becomes infected by a virus it starts to produce interferons that signal to the surronding cells to make them resistant against the virus; natural killer cells recognize virally infected cells and directly attack and kill them

A

non specific immune responce

51
Q

______________ is when phagocytes digest the pathogens and act then as antigen presenting cells (APC’s); the APC presents the epitope eo a Th lymphocyte and releases IL-1; Th lymphocyte then stimulates specific immune reponse

A

specific immune responce

Pathology (8 decks)

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