Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What blood pressure is classed as Stage 1 hypertension?

A

140/90 mmHg clinically, and 135/85mmHg at home

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What blood pressure is classed as Stage 2 hypertension?

A

160/100mmHg clinically and 150/95mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What blood pressure is classed as Stage 3 hypertension?

A

180mmHg systolic or 110mmHg diastolic clinically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What kinds of end organ damage can occur with hypertension?

A
  • Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
  • Creatinine Raised
  • Albuminuria / microalbuminuria
  • Retinopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which tests should be offered to be people who have been diagnosed with hypertension?

A
  • Test urine for presence of protein
  • Take blood to measure glucose, electrolytes, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate and cholesterol
  • Examine fundi for hypertensive retinopathy
  • Arrange a 12-lead ECG.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some of the common and the uncommon causes of secondary hypertension?

A
Common:
- Renal disease
- Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
- Aldosteronism
- Reno-vascular Disease
Uncommon:
- Cushing’s
- Pheochromocytoma
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Aortic coarctation
- Intracranial tumor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Primary Aldosteronism/Conn’s Syndrome

A

Involves excess production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in low renin levels, and excessive reabsorption of sodium and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

Neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands that failed to involute after birth. It secretes high amounts of catecholamines, mostly norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What level of weight loss is equivalent to taking anti-hypertensives?

A

6kg is therefore the same as taking anti- hypertensive drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

By how much does a no added salt diet reduce BP?

A

2-4 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

By how much does aerobic exercise reduce BP?

A

3.8/2.6 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the difference between absolute and relative risk?

A

Relative risk is used to compare the risk in two different groups of people. Absolute risk of a disease is your risk of developing the disease over a time period. Can reduce everyone’s relative risk of CVS but much harder to reduce absolute risk of CVS. Eg. Reducing relative risk in an 80 year old smoker, would still have a very high absolute risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True or False: ACE inhibitors should be avoided in pregnant women

A

True, they are teratogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

True or False: There are more side effects when using combined therapies than monotherapy

A

False, there a more side effects with mono therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most effective treatment for resistant hypertension?

A

Spironolactone (start low, go slow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are new technologies used with hypertension?

A
  • Renal denervation: minimally invasive, endovascular catheter based procedure using radiofrequency ablation or ultrasound ablation aimed at treating resistant hypertension
  • Baroreceptor stimulation: Recently an implantable device to electrically stimulate the carotid baroreceptors, to decrease sympathetic outflow
  • Rox coupler: placed between the artery and vein in the upper thigh to allow a calibrated amount of blood to flow between them
17
Q

Stable hypertension

A

BP stays high consistently and doesn’t change much

18
Q

Labile hypertension

A

Fluctuates

19
Q

Blood pressure =

A

Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

20
Q

What percentage of hypertension cases are primary?

A

90%

21
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

Excess corticosteroid

22
Q

Conn’s Syndrome

A

Excess aldosterone

23
Q

True or False: Every 10mmHg of diastolic pressure above 85 doubles risk of MI and every 8mmHg of diastolic pressure above 85 doubles risk of stroke

A

True