Hypnosis

Question 1

What are the features of meditation?

Answer 1

> Loss of selective focus of attention
Reduction of attention intensity threshold
Immobilisation of psychic operations

Question 2

What is the function of hypnosis?

Answer 2

To experience shifts in consciousness and behaviour consonant for therapeutic ends or research purposes

Question 3

What is mesmerism?

Answer 3

> Animal magnetism
‘Hysteria’ can be cured through magnetic therapy
Was developed into hypnotism

Question 4

What was established by Faria in the 1800s?

Answer 4

> Trance as a hypnotic state

> Introduced the importance of belief

Question 5

What was demonstrated by Puysegur in the 1800s?

Answer 5

> Posthypnotic amnesia

> Posthypnotic suggestion

Question 6

What did Braid (1885) establish?

Answer 6

> Coined the term hypnotism

> Introduced the concept of surgical amnesia

Question 7

What did Charcot (1882) establish?

Answer 7

Outlined the different stages of consciousness

Question 8

What did Bernheim (1882) establish?

Answer 8

> Hypnotism as an abnormal state of consciousness

> Taught Freud

Question 9

What did Hilgard (1959) propose?

Answer 9

> Trance Theory / Hidden Observer

Question 10

What is Trance Theory / Hidden Observer?

Answer 10

> Hypnotic scale of Susceptibility

> Altered state of consciousness

Question 11

Who developed Trance Theory / Hidden Observer?

Answer 11

Hilgard (1959)

Question 12

What did Spanos (1986) state?

Answer 12

> Suggestibility is influenced by social desirability

> Hypnotism does not alter states of consciousness

Question 13

What scales have been developed for measuring hypnotism?

Answer 13

> Harvard Group Scale (HGSS)

> Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS)

Question 14

What are the common features of the hypnotic scales?

Answer 14

> Different states that people pass through

> Practical methods for inducing extreme hypnotic states

Question 15

What is the Hillard standardised procedure?

Answer 15

> Used in conjunction with the Harvard Group Scale (HGSS)
Relaxation
Focus on a set point
Verbal instructions

Question 16

What is the process for the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale (SHSS)?

Answer 16

> Relaxation
> Eyes closed
> Verbal instructions
> Tests amnesia
> Tests hallucinations

Question 17

What did Barnier and McConkey (1998) demonstrate?

Answer 17

> Ear rubbing hypnotic procedure
Lead to out-of-body experience
Dissociated

Question 18

What did Noble and McConkey (1995) demonstrate?

Answer 18

> Dial method (continuous reporting)
Dissociation
Male -> female hypnotic suggestion

Question 19

What did Spanos, Radtke and Dubreuil (1982) report?

Answer 19

Highly suggestible people score lower on recall when told to forget hypnotically

Question 20

Who demonstrated that hypnotic suggestion can influence recall?

Answer 20

Spanos, Radtke and Dubreuil (1982)

Question 21

What did Sackheim, Nordlie and Gur (1979) find?

Answer 21

High suggestibility lead to poor affect recognition when told they were blind

Question 22

Who demonstrated that hypnotic suggestion can influence affect recognition?

Answer 22

Sackheim, Nordlie and Gur (1979)

Question 23

Which studies demonstrate that hypnotism effects executive control?

Answer 23

> Spanos, Radtke and Dubreuil (1982)

> Sackheim, Nordlie and Gur (1979)

Question 24

What categories do hypnotic effects fall into?

Answer 24

> Motor

> Cognitive-perceptual

Question 25

What categories do hypnotic experiences fall into?

Answer 25

> Involuntary reactions | > Distortions of reality

Question 26

What practical applications are there for hypnosis?

Answer 26

> Alters smoking habits (60-80%) > Alters dietary habits (60-90%) > Reduces pain, fear and anxiety (70%)

Question 27

What is the dissociation theory of hypnosis?

Answer 27

> Subject control during hypnosis unchanged > Behavioural monitoring impaired > Executive control monitoring impaired

Question 28

What is the main limitation of the dissociation theory of hypnosis?

Answer 28

It's still not clear where the dissociation lies

Question 29

What are the features if the interactionist theory of hypnotism?

Answer 29

> Susceptibility > Success dependant on subject's cognitive skills being able to maintain state > Implies continued control and monitoring

Question 30

What are the features of the features of the Cold Control and Discrepancy-Attribution theories?

Answer 30

> Dissociation occurs between 1st and 2nd order states > Dissociation is monitoring based > 2nd order thoughts influenced by expectation (hence susceptibility)

Question 31

What are the limitations of the theoretical explanations of hypnosis?

Answer 31

> Susceptibility not explained > Link between altered behaviour and altered experiences > Cause of the hypnotic state

Question 32

What did Lynn et al (2006) demonstrate?

Answer 32

> Neuroimaging | > Neural activation consistent with hypnotic experiences

Question 33

Who used neuroimaging to demonstrate that hypnotism has a neural effect?

Answer 33

Lynn et al (2006)

Question 34

What did Dumont, Martin and Broer (2012) find?

Answer 34

> Looked at colour perception, paralysis and pain > Neuroimaging meta-analysis > Susceptibility causes neural changes

Question 35

Who used a neuroimaging meta-analysis to demonstrate that hynotism can consistently have a neural effect?

Answer 35

Dumont, Martin and Broer (2012)