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Act - Cognition & Causality > Implicit learning > Flashcards

Implicit learning Flashcards

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1
Q

What are examples of implicit learning?

A

> Knowledge of implicit rules
Amnesiacs learning new skills
Automatic processing

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2
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Memory without any sensation of remembering

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3
Q

What did Reber and Reber (2001) hypothesise?

A

Implicit learning is unconscious, therefore there must be learning processes that operate independently of consciousness

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4
Q

What are the examples of implicit learning?

A

> Priming / subliminal perception
Perceptual motor learning / rule learning
Clinical dissociations

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5
Q

What are the two stages of information processing?

A

> Encoding

> Retrieval

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6
Q

At what stage of information processing does amnesia manifest?

A

Retrieval

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7
Q

What did Cheesman and Merikle (1984) establish?

A

> Subjective threshold (threshold of aware discrimination)

> Objective threshold (threshold of discrimination)

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8
Q

What does subliminal priming require?

A

A stimulus presented below the subjective threshold and above the objective one.

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9
Q

What is subliminal priming?

A

Priming with unconsciously detected information

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10
Q

What do demonstrations of unconscious priming focus on?

A

> Accessibility of information at encoding

> Availability of information after storage

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11
Q

What are the two theories of unconscious detection?

A

> That information is inaccessible during encoding

> That information is not accessible to the conscious mind at encoding

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12
Q

What did Vicary (1957) demonstrate?

A

The effectiveness of subliminal advertising in cinema concession stand sales

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13
Q

Who demonstrated that effectiveness of subliminal advertising in cinema concession stand sales?

A

Vicary (1957)

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14
Q

What is the requirement for subliminal priming?

A

The stimuli is too short or too low intensity to be detected consciously

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15
Q

What did Bargh, Chen and Burrows (1996) demonstrate?

A

That priming someone with old age means they take long to walk to the elevator

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16
Q

Who demonstrated that priming has a behavioural impact?

A

Bargh, Chen and Burrows (1996)

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17
Q

What did Jacoby et al (1989) demonstrate?

A

Subliminal priming with non-famous names makes people judge them as famous later

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18
Q

Who demonstrated that subliminal priming can increase familiarity?

A

Jacoby et al (1989)

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19
Q

What did Mulligan (1997) find?

A

While distracted word memorisation was poor, but improved when using a recognition task instead of a recall one

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20
Q

What did Reber (1967) demonstrate?

A

> Trained people to recognise complex letter strings with an undisclosed grammar rule
Tested later to see if they had learned the rule
Performed well in test
Could not explicitly identify a rule

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21
Q

What did Dienes and Altmann (1997) find?

A

> Expanded the Reber (1967) study

> People can extended their rule awareness to new letter strings

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22
Q

What did Altmann, Dienes and Goode (1995) find?

A

> Extended Reber (1967)

> Cross-modal transfer (letters to musical tones)

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23
Q

What did Reber, Kassin, Lewis and Cantor (1980) find?

A

> Extended Reber (1967)

> If explicitly told there is a rule test performance drops

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24
Q

What did Dulaney, Carlson and Dewey (1984) find?

A

> Extended Reber

> Found that training on letter pairs was just as effective for end performance

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25
What does Dulaney, Carlson and Dewey (1984) suggest?
Memorisation by rote of acceptable letter pairs rather than implicit learning
26
What did Kinder and Assmann (2000) find?
> Extended Reber (1967) > Found grammaticality conflated with familiarity > When looking at completely unfamiliar letter strings test results were poor
27
What did Kinder, Shanks, Cock and Tunney (2003) find?
> Extended Reber (1967) > Familiarity increases fluency (fluency effect) > When told to ignore fluency, performance drops
28
What id the fluency effect?
The easier something is to process, the more familiar it seems
29
What did Nissen and Bullemer (1987) find?
> Serial reaction time task | > Ppts demonstrated dissociation between performance and perceived performance
30
What is the serial reaction time task?
``` > Present people with a stimuli that follows a rule > Training period > Test: -> Transfer task -> Indirect measures -> Direct measures ```
31
What did Kelly and Burton (2001) find?
> Serial reaction time task > Learning through observation impairs performance > Learning through observation does not effect rule awareness
32
What did Cleeremans and Jimenez (1998) find?
> Serial reaction time task | > When people are told not to generate a sequence they will still generate one
33
What did Cohen et al (1990) find?
> Serial reaction time task | > No interference from secondary tasks
34
What did Rowland and Shanks (2004) find?
> Serial reaction time task | > Highly visually demanding tasks can interfere with rules learning
35
What did Johnstone and Shanks (1999) find?
> Serial reaction time task > Motivation (payments) increased performance in unlearned tasks > When old info was presented in full then this difference disappeared
36
What does the implicit learning = rule abstraction theory state?
> Learning tracks patterns and forms them into unconscious rules > What becomes learned is deeper underlying rules > Cross modal transfer is possible >Do not need to consciously attend to information
37
What does implicit learning = exemplar based theory state?
> Learn by example > Store examples in memory > When there are enough, we can make predictions through comparison > Therefore information does not need to be consciously attended to
38
What does the theory that there is no explicit learning state?
> Transfer appropriate processing > Cognitive system designed to find shortcuts > Shortcutting forms simple rules > Attention is required for learning
39
What did Morris et al (1977) find?
> Transfer appropriate processing | > When training and testing matched (either phonetic or semantic properties of words) performance improved
40
What neurological evidence is there for implicit learning?
> Double dissociations (implicit and explicit learning) | > Neuroimaging studies
41
What types of clinical studies have explored implicit learning?
``` > Anaesthesia > Amnesia > Parkinson's disease > Prosopagnosia > Blindsight > Split brain ```
42
What did Kihlstrom et al (1990) find?
> Word presentation during surgery | > Later recall showed improved performance on indirect tests
43
What is the criticism of Kihlstrom et al (1990)?
Failure to replicate: > Cork, Kihlstrom and Schacter (1992) > Jalicic et al (1993)
44
What did Hughes et al (1994) find?
> Played a stop-smoking tape in surgery > Found reduced smoking behaviour 1 month post-op > No effect for control
45
What did Knowlton, Ramus and Squire (1992) find?
> Implicit grammar learning in amnesiacs | > Explicit learning v poor
46
What did Knopman (1991) find?
> Amnesiac / Korsakoff patients > Serial reaction time task > Implicit rule learning intact, explicit learning non-existant
47
What is Parkinson's disease?
> Degenerative disorder > Impaired speech and motor performance > Memory loss > Deficit in the basal ganglia
48
What did Ferrare, Balota and Connor (1993) find?
> Parkinson's Disease > Serial reaction time task > Deficits in implicit learning
49
What did Smith et al (2001) find?
> Parkinson's Disease > Serial reaction time task > Implicit learning was present > Criticism of Ferrare, Balota and Connor (1993)
50
What are the criticisms of Ferrare, Balota and Connor (1993)?
> Smith et al (2001) | > Problematic demonstration of implicit learning
51
What did DeHann, Young and Newcombe (1991) find?
> Case study > Prosopagnosia > Unable to explicitly select familiar faces > Implicit recall present
52
What did DeHann and Campbell find?
> Replicated DeHann, Young and Newcombe (1991) > Case study > Prosopagnosia > Could not find evidence of explicit or implicit recall
53
What is the double dissociation around implicit and explicit memory?
> Parkinson's Disease - impaired implicit | > Amnesia - impaired explicit
54
What are the problems with the implicit/explicit double dissociation?
> Parkinson's Disease - impaired implicit learning > Amnesia - impaired explicit > This dichotomy DISAPPEARS if there is extensive training
55
What is blindsight?
Responding to visual stimuli in the absence of conscious vision
56
What visual abilities do patients with damage to the primary visual cortex occasionally retain?
> Better than chance performance on forced choice discrimination tasks > Spatial navigation and coordination
57
What is split brain syndrome?
Some cases of severe epilepsy is treated by severing the corpus callosum
58
What are the methodological issues associated with implicit learning studies?
``` > Many of the studies have a numerical advantage for the controls > Low statistical power > Explicit measures are not exhaustive > Biased > Relying on null effects ```
59
What are the theoretical issues with the dualist argument?
> Assume dissociable mechanisms, but claim they can interact > Assume explicit and implicit learning are different but both dependant on implicit learning > Neural localisation not evidence for different reasoning systems
60
What are the theoretical issues with the single system argument?
> Continuum difficult to empirically test > Denying the presence of unconscious processes does not accommodate the majority of research > Impossible to demonstrate unconscious learning

Act - Cognition & Causality (9 decks)

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