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Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > Hypothalamic and Limbic Systems > Flashcards

Hypothalamic and Limbic Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the main role of the hypothalamus?

A

it is a regulator of homeostasis, ANS, and endocrine function

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2
Q

what forms the posterior part of the hypothalamus?

A

the mammillary bodies

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3
Q

How is the hypothalamus divided up?

A

Into a medial and lateral zone and then the medial zone has an anterior, middle, and posterior area

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4
Q

what nuclei make up the anterior area?

A

paraventricular nucleus, preoptic nucleus, anterior nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and suprachiasmatic nucleus

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5
Q

what nuclei make up the middle area?

A

the arcuate nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus, and the dorsomedial nucleus

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6
Q

what makes up the posterior area?

A

the posterior nucleus and the mammillary body

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7
Q

what would damage to the lateral zone result in?

A

decrease in feeding (weight loss)

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8
Q

what is significant about the supraoptic/paraventricular nuclei located in the anterior area?

A

they contain oxytocin (PVN) and ADH (SON)

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9
Q

what would a lesion of the supraoptic/paraventricular nucleus result in?

A

diabetes insipidus, increase H20 intake, and increase urination

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10
Q

what is significant about the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

it receives retinal input and is involved in circadian rhythms

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11
Q

what is significant about the ventromedial nucleus in the middle area?

A

it is the satiety center

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12
Q

what would a lesion of the ventromedial nucleus result in?

A

excessive eating and abnormal weight gain

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13
Q

what is significant about the dorsomedial nucleus in the middle area?

A

emotional behavior- stimulation causes sham rage

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14
Q

what would destruction of the dorsomedial nucleus result in?

A

decreased aggression and feeding

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15
Q

what is significant about the arcuate nucleus?

A

it secretes releasing/ inhibiting hormones

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16
Q

what afferents does the medial mammillary nucleus in the posterior area receive?

A

afferents from the hippocampus via the fornix

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17
Q

what would a lesion of the mammillary bodies result in?

A

an inability to process short-term events into long-term memory

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18
Q

What is the blood supply for the anteromedial group of the hypothalamus?

A

branches from the anterior communicating and anterior cerebral arteries

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19
Q

what is the blood supply of the posteromedial group of the hypothalamus?

A

perforating arteries from the posterior communicating artery and posterior cerebral artery

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20
Q

what is the stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal fibers?

A

afferent fibers from the amygdala to the hypothalamus

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21
Q

what is the corticohypothalamic input?

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A

afferent input from the orbitofrontal and cingulate area; multiple association areas; frontal lobe to the lateral zone

22
Q

what do the retinohypothalamic fibers target?

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A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus

23
Q

efferents from the medial zone and mammillary bodies enables what?

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A

the hypothalamus to influence emotional aspects of behavior

24
Q

where do efferents from the medial zone and mammillary bodies target?

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A

the PAG and the RF

25
where do efferents from the mammillothalamic tract project to?
to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus which then sends projections to the frontal lobe
26
where do efferents from the lateral zone of the hypothalamus project to?
the DM nucleus of the thalamus, which then sends projections to the frontal lobe
27
what is the supraopticohypophysial tract made up of?
axons of neurons in the SON and PVN
28
where is oxytocin and ADH stored before being released into the capillary plexus of the posterior pituitary?
herring bodies
29
what is significant about the tuberoinfundibular tract?
it conveys releasing hormones to median eminence and infundibulum
30
the anterior area of the hypothalamus activates what in relation to the ANS?
the parasympathetic activity
31
the posterior area of the hypothalamus activates what in relation to the ANS?
the sympathetic activity
32
what would a lesion of the anterolateral medulla disrupt and result in?
disrupts the hypothalamomedullary fibers--> sympathetic outflow to face and head (Horner's syndrome)
33
what makes up the limbic system?
subcallosal area, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus, hippocampal formation, amygdala, and septal nuclei
34
connections to and from the limbic system influence what?
behavior, memory, and pain perception
35
the limbic system is interposed between what two structures?
the hypothalamus and the neocortex
36
what is the hippocampal formation important for?
learning and memory
37
what makes up the hippocampal formation?
the subiculum, the hippocampus proper (ammon horn) the dentate gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus
38
what is the anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus knwon as?
the entorhinal cortex
39
how does afferent information enter the hippocampus?
dentate gyrus--> CA3--> CA1--> subiculum
40
where do efferent fibers from the hippocampus terminate?
in the medial mammillary nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, and the anterior nucleus
41
what is an uncal herniation?
movement of the uncus and possibly the parahippocampal gyrus downward over the edge of the tentorium cerebelli
42
what could cause a uncal herniation?
hemorrhagic lesion or tumor in the hemisphere
43
what are some signs of a uncal herniation?
dilated pupil and abnormal eye movement, double vision, weakness of extremities, later on respiration is affected and abnormal reflexes
44
what is korsakoff's syndrome?
progressive degeneration of the mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex, and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus
45
what results from korsakoff's syndrome?
it impedes the retention of newly acquired memory; short-term memory cannot become long term memory
46
what is korsakoff's syndrome caused by?
thiamine deficiency, typically associated with chronic alcoholism
47
what is hippocampal amnesia?
bilateral lesions of the hippocampi
48
what results from hippocampal amnesia?
profound deficit in learning new material with spared procedural and working memory
49
what is the role of the amygdala?
it attaches emotional significance to a stimulus- emotional responses to food- visceral responses to emotional stimuli including pain
50
what would a lesion of the amygdala result in?
impaired recognition of fear, anger, and disgust in facial expression as well as vocal affect (fear and anger)
51
what is Kluver-Bucy Syndrome?
bilateral temporal lobe lesion that abolish the amygdaloid complex
52
What does kluver-bucy syndrome result in?
behavioral changes- hypersexuality, hyperphagia

Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (19 decks)

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