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Neuroendocrine Exam 3 > Visual System Physiology > Flashcards

Visual System Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the photoreceptor cells connected to?

A

bipolar cells

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2
Q

what are bipolar cells connected to?

A

ganglion cells

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3
Q

the central processes coming off the ganglion cells form what?

A

the axons of the optic nerve which eventually end up in the nuclei of the brain

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4
Q

which system is heavily dependent on convergence?

A

rod system

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5
Q

why is convergence important in the rod system?

A

it allows the rod system to operate in dim light

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6
Q

where does the density of the cones peak at?

A

the fovea

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7
Q

where does the density of the rods peak at?

A

about 20 degrees to the side of the cones

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8
Q

what happens to the photoreceptor cells under dark conditions?

A

they depolarize

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9
Q

what happens to the photoreceptor cells under light conditions?

A

they hyperpolarize

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10
Q

what are rods and cones constantly releasing?

A

glutamate

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11
Q

when is glutamate release from the photoreceptor cells the highest?

A

when it is dark

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12
Q

when is glutamate release the lowest?

A

when there is light

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13
Q

when does glutamate act as an excitatory amino acid?

A

when the receptor is an NMDA or non-NMDA receptor

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14
Q

when does glutamate act as an inhibitory amino acid?

A

when the receptor is an mGlu6 receptor

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15
Q

what glutamate receptor do bipolar cells express?

A

mGlu6 receptor

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16
Q

what does the mGlu6 receptor do when it is activated?

A

it closes the cGMP-gated Na+ channel

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17
Q

what happens when the bipolar cell is activated?

A

it releases glutamate

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18
Q

what glutamate receptor is found on the ganglion cells?

A

NMDA or non-NMDA (so glutamate will act as an excitatory amino acid on the ganglion cells)

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19
Q

what is the most prominent target of the retina?

A

the lateral geniculate body

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20
Q

what is the role of the lateral geniculate body?

A

it regulates the flow of information to the primary visual cortex

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21
Q

what is the role of the superior colliculus?

A

it creates a map of the visual space to activate appropriate motor responses required to move the eyes

22
Q

what does the superior colliculus connect with?

A

connects with the tectospinal tract to send projections to cervical anterior horn cells

23
Q

what is the pretectum important for?

A

the pupillary light reflex

24
Q

what does the pretectum send projections to?

A

the edinger-westphal and then on to the ciliary ganglion

25
Q

what are the small number of fibers that branch off the optic tract known as?

A

the retinohypothalamic tract

26
Q

where do the fibers of the retinohypothalamic tract terminate?

A

in the supraoptic, suprachiasmatic and the paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus

27
Q

visual input to the hypothalamus drives what?

A

the light-dark entrainment of the neuroendocrine function and other circadian rhythms

28
Q

what is the role of the accessory optic nuclei?

A

advances visual processing

29
Q

what are 4 functions of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

control the motions of the eyes-to converge on a point of interest, control the focus of the eyes based on distance, determine relative position of objects to map them in space, detect movement

30
Q

what are the projections from the LGB to the visual cortex known as?

A

optic radiations

31
Q

what 3 areas make up the visual cortices?

A

primary visual cortex, parastriate cortex, and extrastriate cortex

32
Q

what is the major job of V1?

A

to identify the edges and contours of objects

33
Q

what is area V2 important for?

A

depth perception, which is detected by analyzing the disparities between the two eyes

34
Q

what is the major function of area V3a?

A

identification of motion

35
Q

what is the major function of V4?

A

complete processing of color inputs

36
Q

what are lesions in the V4 area known to cause?

A

achromatopsia- dullness in color

37
Q

what are the MT/V5 areas important for?

A

tracking motion across a scene in terms of directionality and context of the background

38
Q

what are the ocular dominance columns?

A

a slap of cells that preferentially respond to input from one eye or the other

39
Q

what are the orientation columns?

A

an organized region of neurons that are excited by visual line stimuli of varying angles

40
Q

where are the orientation columns located?

A

perpendicular to the cortical surface

41
Q

what are the blobs in the primary visual cortex?

A

an organized region of neurons that are sensitive to color assembled into cylindrical shapes

42
Q

what type of ganglion cells can directly sense light?

A

melanopsin ganglion cells

43
Q

what are the melanopsin ganglion cells sensitive to?

A

blue-wavelengths of light

44
Q

where do the melanopsin ganglion cells project directly to?

A

they project directly to hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus

45
Q

what is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

it is the neuroendocrine effector in the pineal gland which produces melatonin in a rhythmic pattern

46
Q

what is the general pathway of the dorsal pathway of the visual system?

A

from the primary visual cortex to the parietal/frontal cortex

47
Q

what is the dorsal pathway important for?

A

associating vision with movement and completing motor acts based on visual pathway

48
Q

what is the dorsal pathway laid out?

A

V1–> V2/V3–> V5/MT–> parietal lobe

49
Q

what is the general pathway of the ventral pathway?

A

primary visual cortex to the inferior temporal cortex

50
Q

what is the ventral pathway primarily responsible for?

A

interpreting images (recognizing human symbols, copying forms, facial recognition)

51
Q

what is the ventral pathway laid out?

A

V1–> V2–> V4–> temporal lobe

Neuroendocrine Exam 3 (19 decks)

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