Hypothalamic and Pituitary Relationships and Biofeedback part 1

Question 1

What is the physical connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

Answer 1

Hypophyseal stalk

Question 2

Tumors in the pituitary expand and put pressure on what nerve?

Answer 2

Optic nerve

Question 3

What nuclei send their axons into the posterior pituitary?

Answer 3

Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Question 4

In the posterior pituitary what secretes ADH?

Answer 4

Supraoptic nucleus

Question 5

In the posterior pituitary what secretes Oxytocin?

Answer 5

Paraventricular nucleus

Question 6

What are the six hormones that the anterior pituitary gland secretes?

Answer 6

1) ACTH
2) TSH
3) LH
4) FSH
5) GH
6) Prolactin

Question 7

What connects the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland and is where hormones are sent through?

Answer 7

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal blood vessels

Question 8

TRH in the hypothalamus target what in the anterior pituitary?
This secretes what?

Answer 8

1) Thyrotrophs

2) TSH

Question 9

CRF in the hypothalamus target what in the anterior pituitary?
This secretes what?

Answer 9

1) Corticotrophs

2) ACTH

Question 10

GnRH in the hypothalamus target what in the anterior pituitary?
This secretes what?

Answer 10

1) Gonadotrophs

2) FSH and LH

Question 11

GHRH and somatostatin in the hypothalamus target what in the anterior pituitary?
This secretes what?

Answer 11

1) Somatroprophs

2) GH

Question 12

PIF and TRH in the hypothalamus target what in the anterior pituitary?
This secretes what?

Answer 12

1) Lactotrophs

2) Prolactin

Question 13

Low or high levels of hormone due to defect in the peripheral endocrine gland is considered what type of endocrine disorder?

Answer 13

Primary

Question 14

Low or high levels of hormone due to defect in the pituitary gland is considered what type of endocrine disorder?

Answer 14

Secondary

Question 15

Low or high levels of hormone due to defect in the hypothalamus is considered what type of endocrine disorder?

Answer 15

Tertiary

Question 16

Extreme energy deficits such as starcation, extreme exercise, and depression has what effect on GnRH function?

Answer 16

Inhibitory

Question 17

Normal menstrual cycle depends on what?

Answer 17

LH and FSH

Question 18

What do FSH and LH do?

Answer 18

Promote estrogen/progesterone in females and testosterone in males

Question 19

What disease is characterized by excessive growth of soft tissue, cartilage, and bone in the face/hands/feet and develops very gradually and may not be recognized until it has been present for many years?

Answer 19

Acromegaly

Question 20

What is the underlying physiology associated with acromegaly?

Answer 20

Excessive growth hormone in adult life

Question 21

What are the targets for growth hormone?

Answer 21

Liver and bone

Question 22

What is growth hormone inhibited by?

Answer 22

Somatostatin and IGF-1

Question 23

What effect does starvation, hypoglycemia, exercise, and sleep have on GH?

Answer 23

Stimulates it

Question 24

A patient develops what when there is excess GH before puberty?

Answer 24

Gigantism

Question 25

A patient develops what when there is excess GH after puberty?

Answer 25

Acromegaly

Question 26

What happens to IGF-1 when there is high carb and high protein intake?

Answer 26

Produced

Question 27

What happens to IGF-1 when there is high carb but low protein intake?

Answer 27

Not produced

Question 28

Mitogenesis, lipolysis and differentiation all occur under what condition?

Answer 28

When the liver produces IGF-1

Question 29

Lipogenesis and carbohydrate storage all occur under what conditions?

Answer 29

When the liver does not produce IGF-1

Question 30

What happens to IGF-1 when there is low carb and high protein intake?

Answer 30

Produced

Question 31

A patient can be diagnosed with what disease if they have high serum IGF-1, fail to suppress serum GH, and have pituitary enlargement on MRI?

Answer 31

Acromegaly

Question 32

Prolactin is under tonic inhibition by?

Answer 32

Hypothalamic dopamine

Question 33

What does prolactin suppress?

Answer 33

GnRH

Question 34

What does pregnancy, breast-feeding, sleep, stress, and TRH do to PRL secretion?

Answer 34

Stimulates it

Question 35

What does dopamine, dopamine agonists, and somatostatin do to PRL secretion?

Answer 35

Inhibits it

Question 36

How does hypopituitarism affect GH?

Answer 36

Short stature in children

Question 37

How does hypopituitarism affect FSH and LH?

Answer 37

Infertility in men and menstrual irregularity in women

Question 38

How does hypopituitarism affect TSH?

Answer 38

Hypothryroidism

Question 39

How does hypopituitarism affect ACTH?

Answer 39

Loss of pigmentation

Question 40

How does hypopituitarism affect ADH?

Answer 40

Diabetes insipidus

Question 41

What are the main causes of hypopituitarism?

Answer 41

1) Brain damage (TBI, Hemorrhage, stroke) | 2) Pituitary tumors

Question 42

What are the actions of oxytocin?

Answer 42

1) Milk ejection | 2) Uterine contraction