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Pulmonology > Hypoxia, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning > Flashcards

Hypoxia, Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Flashcards

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1
Q

Pulmonary vasoconstriction occurs due to?

A

Reduced alveolar PaO2

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2
Q

The predominant stimulus for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is?

A

Decreased PaO2

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3
Q

What is the characteristic response of pulmonary arterioles to systemic hypoxia?

A

Vasoconstriction

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4
Q

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction occurs because pulmonary arteries have?

A

Oxygen-sensitive potassium channels

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5
Q

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in alveoli is mediated through?

A

O2-sensing K+ channels

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6
Q

What occurs at high altitude?

A

Pulmonary vasoconstriction

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7
Q

A person travels from sea level to 5000m altitude. What occurs?

A

Pulmonary vasoconstriction

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8
Q

Increased pulmonary vasoconstriction is caused by?

A

High altitude

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9
Q

Pulmonary artery pressure increases in?

A

Hypoxia

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10
Q

The most likely cause of increased pulmonary artery pressure is?

A

Hypoxia

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11
Q

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is accentuated by?

A

Increased pCO2

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of hypoxia?

A

Hypoxemic Anemic, Stagnant, Histotoxic

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13
Q

Hypoxemic hypoxia definition?

A

Decreased oxygen pressure (PaO2)

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14
Q

Anemic hypoxia definition?

A

Decreased hemoglobin to carry oxygen

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15
Q

Stagnant hypoxia definition?

A

Decreased blood flow to tissue

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16
Q

Histotoxic hypoxia definition?

A

Tissue can’t utilize oxygen

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17
Q

Example of hypoxemic hypoxia?

A

High altitude

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18
Q

Example of anemic hypoxia?

A

Blood loss

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19
Q

Example of stagnant hypoxia?

A

Heart failure

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20
Q

Example of histotoxic hypoxia?

A

Cyanide poisoning

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21
Q

Stagnant hypoxia causes?

A

Polycythemia

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22
Q

Hypoxia with PO2 60 mmHg and Hb 15 no poisoning or blood loss. Diagnosis?

A

Hypoxic

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23
Q

A patient has PO2 40 mmHg and Hb 15 no trauma or poisoning. Cause?

A

Hypoxic hypoxia

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24
Q

Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with?

A

Hypoxemic hypoxia

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25
Cause of hypoxia due to low PO2 in blood?
Hypoventilation
26
Earliest symptom of anoxic hypoxia?
Lassitude
27
Hypoxic cell injury caused by?
CO poisoning
28
Anemic hypoxia occurs due to?
Methemoglobinemia
29
Oxygen therapy is not effective in?
Anemic hypoxia
30
Oxygen delivery to tissue is decreased by?
CO poisoning
31
Nerve metabolism is blocked by?
Cyanide
32
Cyanide interferes with?
Cytochrome oxidase (ETC Complex IV)
33
Cyanide affects which ETC complex?
Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase)
34
Cyanide source?
Combustion of synthetic products
35
Cyanide breath smell?
Bitter almond
36
Treatment for cyanide poisoning?
Hydroxocobalamin
37
Carbon monoxide poisoning affects?
Hemoglobin binding of oxygen
38
In CO poisoning
oxygen dissociation curve shifts?
39
CO poisoning reduces O2 delivery because?
Carboxyhemoglobin has 200x affinity than O2
40
CO poisoning effect on arterial PO2?
Arterial PO2 remains normal
41
Oxygen dissociation curve shifts left in?
Carbon monoxide poisoning
42
What do both cyanide and CO inhibit?
Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase)
43
What is the result of inhibition of Complex IV by cyanide and CO?
Cellular hypoxia uncorrected by oxygen + increased anaerobic metabolism
44
What is a shared symptom of both cyanide and CO poisoning?
Pink/cherry-red skin (postmortem)
45
What are sources of cyanide?
Combustion of synthetic products
46
What are sources of carbon monoxide?
Fires
47
What is a classic odor associated with cyanide poisoning?
Bitter almond odor on breath
48
What is the cardiovascular effect of cyanide poisoning?
Cardiovascular collapse
49
What is a common neurologic sign seen in CO poisoning?
Headache
50
What is the color change seen in both poisonings postmortem?
Cherry-red skin
51
What is the treatment for cyanide that binds it for renal excretion?
Hydroxocobalamin
52
Which agent induces cyanomethemoglobin formation?
Nitrites
53
What converts cyanide into thiocyanate for excretion?
Sodium thiosulfate
54
What is the treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning?
100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen
55
What is the effect of cyanide on the O₂ dissociation curve?
No effect; curve remains normal
56
What is the effect of CO poisoning on the O₂ dissociation curve?
Left shift
57
Why does CO shift the O₂ dissociation curve to the left?
Increased affinity of Hb for O₂ → ↓ O₂ release to tissues
58
How does CO bind to hemoglobin?
Competitively
59
What does CO binding form?
Carboxyhemoglobin
60
How is % O₂ saturation of Hb affected in CO poisoning?
Artificially increased
61
Which toxin blocks nerve metabolism?
Cyanide
62
Cyanide interferes with which enzyme?
Cytochrome c oxidase
63
Which ETC complex is affected by cyanide?
Complex IV
64
What biochemical disturbance occurs in cyanide poisoning?
Inhibition of Complex IV in ETC
65
Which condition prevents oxygen utilization despite adequate oxygen supply?
CO poisoning
66
Which condition decreases O₂ saturation without reducing O₂ tension?
CO poisoning
67
Why doesn’t hyperoxia occur in CO poisoning?
Arterial PO₂ remains normal
68
Why is there no hyperpnea in CO poisoning?
PO₂ of arterial blood is normal
69
What is a mild feature of CO poisoning?
Decreased ability of O₂ to bind hemoglobin
70
What poisoning causes a left shift in the Hb-O₂ curve?
Carbon monoxide poisoning
71
How is oxygen delivery to tissues affected in CO poisoning?
Decreased

Pulmonology (5 decks)

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