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eye shit (103 cards)

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1
Q

Identify the lens zonules and ciliary body in a eye ?

A
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2
Q

Identify the tapetum, choroid, retina and sclera in the eyeball ?

A

Globe

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3
Q

Describe the anatomy of the orbit in a dog or cat ?

A

The Orbit

The bony socket of the skull in which the eye and its adnexa live
- composed of seven skull bones and an orbital ligament
- it is incomplete in small animals - which makes it subject to trauma
- contains a foramina (Cranial nerve; optic nerve 2, occulomotor three, trochlear four, trigeminal nerve five, and the abducens 6).
- contains the globe and extraocular muscles

Orbital cone
- extraocular muscles+ blood vessels + nerves

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4
Q

Describe the indications and contraindications for the use of atropine in eye treatments ?

A

Atropine

Indication
- causes dilation of the pupil (Mydriasis)
- blocks iris sphincter and prevents ciliary spasm to relieve pain
- this enables a Vet to carry out an eye exam or surgery

Contraindications
- decreases tear production (never use with dry eye or glycoma)
- increases intraocular pressure
- may cause colic in horses or hypersalivation in cats.

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5
Q

Describe the Iridocorneal angle ?

A

Iridocorneal angle
- located between the cornea and iris
- structure responsible for the outflow of aqueous humour from the anterior chamber

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6
Q

What is abnormal about this eye ?
What leads to this abnormality ?

A
  1. Dermoid; patch of skin on the surface of the globe
  2. Failure of ectoderm modification from skin to corneal epithelium.
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7
Q
  1. What is abnormal about the eye ?
  2. What leads to this type of abnormality ?
A
  1. Persistant papillary membrane
  2. This is a developmental disorder; of the iris and retina
    - foetal blood vessel remnants
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8
Q

What tests could you use to assess vision ?

A

Vision assessment

  • Menace (learnt so must be >12weeks in puppy and kitten).
  • tracking of a cotton ball
  • tracking a spot of light
  • obstacle course
  • visual placement response
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9
Q

Identify this condition and its potential causes ?

A

Enophthalmos
A sunken globe with protrusion of the third eyelid.

Causes of Enophthalmos
1. Dehydration and severe cachexia
2. Loss of orbital fat (old age)
3. Ocular pain (retractor bulbi)
4. Loss of muscle mass associated with myopathy
5. periorbital fractures or trauma

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10
Q

Describe two clinical signs of orbital disease ?

A

Enophthalmos and
Exophthalmos

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11
Q

Identify; 6 CS of exophthalmos

Identify this condition and describe its clinical signs ?

A

Exophthalmos
This is protrusion of the globe and third eyelid.

Clinical signs
- decreased retropulsion
- eyeball deviation (strabismus).
- pain - evident when jaw opened by practitioner + temporomandibular area
- periorbital swelling
- third eyelid protrusion
- exposed cornea (exposure keratitis

To confirm suspicion based upon clinical signs
- use a dorsal view
- PLR function is lost

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12
Q

There are four main causes of exophthalmos ?

Identify the most common causes of Exophthalmos ?

A

The common causes of Exophthalmos
**
1. Inflammatory**
- orbital (retrobulbar), abscess, cellulitis
- masticatory or extraocular myositis
2. Neoplasia
- primary or secondary from adjacent areas of metastases
3. Trauma
- ocular proptosis, orbital fracture or orbital haematoma
4. Cystic disease

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13
Q
  1. Identify this condition how you could confirm your suspicsion ?
  2. Describe its potential causes ?
A
  1. Buphthalmos
    This is enlargement of the eyeball itself.
    - to differentiate buphthalmos from other conditions
    - assess eye size by corneal horizontal diameter
  2. Common causes of Buphthalmos
    - chronic glycoma
    - big blind globe
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14
Q

Identify this condition and its potential causes ?

A

Microphthalmos

This is a congenitally small globe
- can confirm the condition through horizontal measurement of the cornea.

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15
Q

Describe the common 1. presentation of an orbital abscess ? and
2. common causes of orbital abscess ?

A

Orbital abscess

Presentation;
- exophthalmos
- rapid onset
- usually young dogs
- pain at the orbit when opening jaw, may see swelling, rarely pus

Causes
- FB entry via the conjunctiva, eyelid or soft palate
- infection - extension from sinuses, tooth abscess, lacrimal gland or zygomatic salivary gland
- rarely neoplasia necrosis.

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

Identify this disorder and its cause ?

A

Developmental condition = Simple entropion

The basic problem is the lid is too long
- rolled in lid margins (irritation as hair may contact cornea)
- may observe excessive lacrimation
- usually occurs on the lower lid

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18
Q

What is this condition and its cause ?

A

Ectropion developmental condition

Basically the lid is too long
- dose not cause as much irritation as entropion
- turned out lid margin, usually lower lid

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19
Q

Identify this condition and its causes ?

A

Trichiasis - developmental condition
Normal lid hairs growing in an abnormal direction and contacting the globe.

  • tends to affect upper lids
  • this occurs especially with age / southward migration of lid
  • medial canthus
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20
Q

Identify this condition and its cause ?

A

Macropalpebral fissure
(developmental condition)

  • excessive lid length
  • lower entropion / ectropion
  • upper trichiasis
  • a combination of conditions all occuring at the same time
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21
Q

Identify this condition and its cause ?

A

Brachycephalic lid disease
(developmental condition)

Poor medial canthus conformation and medial entropion/trichiasis
- secondary changes with age
- a combination of trichiasis and entropion
- in brachy dogs (the bone length is reduced) same amount of skin causing rolling
+ secondary changes may occur due to chronic irritation eg. pigmentation.

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22
Q

Identify this condition and its cause ?

A

Distichiasis
(developmental condition)

Abnormal hair developing from the lid margins

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23
Q

Identify this condition and describe its causes ?

A

Ectopic cilia
(developmental condition)

Abnormal hairs erupting through the conjunctival lid surface
- classic in young dogs (severe pain)
- must be treated and removed

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24
Q

Identify this condition and describe its causes ?

A

Pyoderma
(inflammatory condition of eyelids)

  • painful swelling of eye
  • overactivity of the immune system, bacterial infection
  • impetigo
  • papules, pastules red and raised - with a white pus centre
  • chronic exposure to moisture
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25
Identify this condition and describe its causes ?
Allergy (inflammation of eyelids) - redness, discharge and swelling - may be seasonal
26
Identify this condition and describe its causes ?
Meibomian adenitis (immune mediated inflammation - eyelids) - lumpy swelling along lid margins - causes glands to become blocked via thick waxy secretions - sebacious gland of eyelids release oils onto the cornea - treat with a warm compress which may assist in removing discharge - blockage leads to reduced tear film stability and decreased lipid secretion
27
identify this condition and its cause ?
Meibomian adenoma (neoplastic condition) Meibomian gland (sebaceous gland of the eye) = produces oils for the surface of the cornea. - nodules protruding from the eyelid margin - common tumour of older dogs - treatment is via surgical removal - benign
28
Identify this condition and its causes ?
Neoplasm of the lid Potentially - sarcoma - carcinoma - mast cell tumours - requires an incisional biopsy
29
Describe the surgical principles of eyelid surgery ?
Eyelid surgery Correction for ectropion, entropion and tumours - 5.0 or 6.0 soft non absorbabable, polyglycolic acid suture - cresents to roll out lid margin - full thickness wedge 2-4 sides shorten lid or remove tumour
30
Describe the three potential causes of conjunctivitis ?
Conjunctivitis Conjunctiva lines the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the first part of the eye. Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva. can be caused by - immune mediated / dry eye - allergy - infection / cat
31
Identify this condition and describe its cause ?
Conjunctivitis Dry eye Immune mediatedattacks the tear glands - increased mucin production - can be congenital in pups - gunky discharging eye - red inflammed - common in dogs with most cases being immune mediated Use a Schirmer tear test to identify - no tear production
32
Identify this condition and its cause ?
Conjunctivitis - allergy - second most common cause of conjunctivitis in dogs - often tied to atopic dermatitis Schirmer tear test - normal
33
Identify this condition and its cause ?
Conjunctivitis - infection - not common in dogs - number one rule out in cats, very common in multi cat house holds
34
Describe the Nictitans and the possible reasons for a third eyelid flap ?
The nictitans "third eyelid" Essentially a fold of conjunctiva with cartiliginous support in a T shape and tear gland. - can be used to cover the cornea - third eyelid flap "sutured" - deep ulcers for extra protection
35
What could result in elevation of the third eyelid ?
Elevation of the third eyelid Occurs with retraction of the globe into the orbit (pulled into the socket) - some dog breeds may retract for discomfort - cats Horners syndrome
36
Identify this condition and its causes ?
Cherry eye This is a prolapse (lacrimal gland of the third eyelid) - requires surgery for correction - if severe cases cartilage deformity may combine with gland prolapse
37
Describe the three layers of the tear film ?
The three layers of the tear film Lipid layer - reduce evaporation - produced by meibomian glands Aqueous layer - middle lacrimal gland Mucin layer - assist in sticking the tear film to the cornea (produced by goblet cells in the conjuntiva - dry eye = increased mucin production
38
Describe the tear glands of the eye and how they are drained ?
Tear glands Lacrimal glands, nictitans glands and other small glands The drainage of tear glands - lacrimal puntate (two openings which join) - lacrimal canaliculi - naso lacrimal duct (nasal punctum)
39
Identify this abnormality and its cause ?
Excessive tear overflow - punctal atresia - tear duct abnormally small / sealed - usually a lid conformational problem - acquired nasal lacrimal duct blockage - can be corrected surgically but is a cosmetic procedure.
40
Identify this abnormality and its cause ?
Dacryocystitits This is infection of the lacrimal sac. - pus discharge - yet globe appears healthy
41
What is the name of this condition and what secondary disease may result ? What simple diagnostic aids will help in assessment of this eye ?
Q1. Entropion - which could lead to corneal ulceration Q2 Topical anaesthesia Fluorescein stain
42
What is the treatment for this condition ?
Q1. Entropion corrective surgery with lid roll out and shortening.
43
Identify the five layers of the cornea ?
The five layers of the cornea 1. Tear film 2. Corneal epithelium 3. Corneal stroma 4. Descements membrane 5. Endothelium (mesoderm)
44
Identify this condition of the cornea and its potential causes ?
Corneal Oedema Corneal overhydration - this leads to increased collagen fibre spacing which interfers with light transmission - appears stippled blue/grey - opacity / cloudiness - in health the collagen spacing is very specific and results in minimal scattering of light - when spacing increases through increased water content there is a increased scattering of light. Cause - epithelial damage - endothelial compromise - vascular infiltrate
45
Identify this condition and its cause ?
Neovascularisation of the cornea This is an inflammatory response to infection / healing or is immune mediated - grow 1/2 mm per day
46
Identify this condition and its cause ?
Lipid infiltration of the cornea - stromal deep layer - may get crystals of cholesterol in the cornea, causing opacification - circular or swirly type pattern - axial central cornea
47
Identify this condition and its cause ?
Corneal calcification - tends to be irritating and uncomfatable - superficial to epithelium - dogs 14yrs and older
48
Identify this condition and its cause ?
Pigmentation of the cornea - usually indicates chronic aging change - irritation to the cornea - often seen in pugs
49
Identify this condition and its cause ?
Neoplasia corneal - conjuntiva tissue - infiltrating and growing into the cornea
50
Identify this condition ?
Corneal ulceration (epithelial erosion) - shallow but dye uptake - can still be painful due to nerve endings in the stroma - no crater effect / no indentation
51
Identify this condition ?
Corneal ulcer - stromal erosion - crater effect - melting ulcer - rapid deepening may be observed to release enzymes/ bacteria/ white cells generating keratosis - collagen analytic - very rapid
52
Identify this condition ?
Corneal ulcer - Descemetocoele basement membrane epithelium - observe cloudy edge - crystal clear centre (little tissue no stain take up) - stains around the edge stroma - oedematous + vascularisation
53
Identify this condition ?
Perforated corneal ulcer - eye will collapse - wrinkled up cornea and the aqueous rushes out
54
Identify this condition ?
Iris prolapse - the eyes puncture repair kit - iris heads up and plugs the gap - eyes attempt to reinflate and heal itself
55
What are the aetiologies of ulcerative keratitis ?
Aetiologies of ulcerative keratitis - simple trauma - secondary (dry eye, lid disease, foreign body etc) - indolent non healing SCCED - Infected (bacterial, fungal) - Immune mediated (as pictured below).
56
Describe the pathology which underlies SCCED ?
Ulcerative kertitis SCCED SCCED = Spontaneous, chronic, corneal, epithelial, defect - indolent non healing ulcer - breed and age related - boxer, staffy > 8yrs of age - epithelial defect - six months of treatment and still not heal is a strong sign
57
Describe your management strategies for ulcerative keratitis ?
Management strategies for ulcerative keratitis First point os to identify the cause Simple trauma - prevent infection (antibiotics and allow time to heal). Secondary - treat the primary disease and prevent infection - antibiotics NON healing ulcers (SCCED) - promote healing and prevent infection (topical antibiotics) - requires surgery Infected - treat infection and promote healing first Immune mediated - can utilise corticosteroids usually contraindicated.
58
Describe the varous types of non ulcerative keratitis ?
Non ulcerative keratitis Keratitis is inflammation of the cornea These are various types of non ulcerative keratitis Pannus Pigmentary keratitis Lipid infiltrate Calcification
59
Describe the consequence of corneal endothelial degeneration ?
Oedema infiltrate of fluid into the cornea
60
Identify this condition and describe its pathology ?
Pannus Non ulcerative kertitis/ inflammation of the cornea - chronic superficial keratitis - immune mediated condition almost exclusive to German Sheppards and occassionally grey hounds - there is a genetic component + immune mediated component and UV component
61
Identify this condition and describe its aetiology ?
Episcleritis / Scleritis Pink lumps on the eye - inflammatory - nodular granulomatous - poorly defined connective tissue between the collagen of the Sclera and conjunctival epithelium
62
Identify this condition ?
Neoplasia Haemangiosarcoma / haemangioma tumour within the cornea - common Nrth QLD - tumours on the surface of the globe - vasculature - sometimes on the surface of the nictitans
63
Identify this condition ?
Neoplasia on the cornea Limbal melanoma - pigmented cells of the limbus - junction of the sclera and cornea - surface of the eye - benign - easy treatment via freezing
64
Identify this condition ?
Neoplasia of the cornea Squamous cell carcinoma - arise from corneal epithelium - very common in horses - excision / freezing
65
Describe the surgical principles for the cornea ?
Cornea non healing ulcer - requires debridement - cotton bud debridement - diamond spur debridement - grid keratotomy - superficial keratotomy Support - nicitans flap - potential temporary tarsorrhaphy (suturing the lids together) Graft (specialist) - magnification and microinstrumentation
66
What corneal condition is likely present in this painful eye ? Describe simple diagnostic aides ? Describe treatment for this condition ?
Answer 1. Corneal ulcer 2. Topical anaesthesia and Fluorescein stain 3. Topical antibiotics and consider surgery - debridement - support - graft
67
Identify this condition and describe its features ?
Anterior uveitis Classification is based on the part of uvea involved - iris and ciliary body - miosis (pupil constriction) - bulbar hyperaemia (vasodilation in the eye) - 'Flare' Tyndall effect, increased protein and cells pick up of the particles through the anterior chamber. - keratic precipitates - hypopyon - iris neovascularisation - posterior synechiae (adhesions of the iris to the lens).
68
Describe the anatomy of the Uvea ?
Uvea = the vascular tunic of the eye comprising of Iris - controls light entry Ciliary body - nutrition + lens shape Choroid - nutrition for retina, absorbs light
69
What are the five classifications of uveitis ?
70
Identify and describe this condition ?
Congenital heterochromia iridis (Non inflammatory condition of the uvea) - incidental normal - eg one blue and one brown eye
71
Identify and describe this condition ?
Iris cyst (degeneration of the uvea). - spherical brown structure - may need to alter view 3D effect to identify - between lens and cornea, sitting in anterior chamber
72
Identify and describe this condition ?
Iris atrophy degeneration of the uvea - moth eaten appearance to iris, thread bear, thinning out - small older bred dogs
73
Identify this condition and describe its features ?
Posterior Uveitis (choroid and retina) Distinguishing features - perivascular exudate - subretinal exudate - exudative retinal detachment
74
Identify this condition and describe its features ?
Pan uveitis (both anterior and posterior segment)
75
Identify this condition and describe its features ?
Endophalmitis (pan uveitis and intraocular fluids) - spread to intraocular fuids (sclera and cornea)
76
Identify this condition and describe its features ?
Panophthalmitis (endothalmitis + the fibrous tunic) - fibrous tunic = sclera and cornea
77
What conditions could lead to secondary uveitis ?
Sequelae of Uveitis - glaucoma - pthisis bulbi (eye shrivels and ciliary body can not produce sufficient aqueous humour). - cataract - retinal damage
78
Describe the aetiologies of uveitis ?
79
Describe the general therapy principles for uveiitis ?
Therapy for uveitis 1. Treat any associated disease, neoplasia, ulcer, infectious agents 2. topical anitinflammatories with anterior uveitis 3. posterior antiinflammatories with posterior uveitis 4. mydriatic atropine to affect Avoid the use of corticosteroids with any systemic disease.
80
Identify and describe this condition ?
Uveal melanocytoma Primary tumour - uveal - benign - iris - heavily pigmented bulging mass formed on the surface of the iris
81
Identify this pathology ?
Ciliary body adenoma, adenocarcinoma Primary tumour - non pigmented coming off the ciliary body' - benign but may end up as a nucleation
82
Identify and describe this condition ?
Lymphoma Secondary tumour - tends to be bilateral - subtle thickening of tissue in both eyes with enlarged lymph nodes - ocular involvement is not a good prognostic for the animals recovery
83
Identify this pathology ?
Metastatic tumour Secondary tumour
84
Describe what is the posterior segment ?
85
What is the fundus ?
Fundus The part of the posterior segment which is visable with an opthalmoscope.
86
Identify this pathology ?
Optic nerve hypoplasia (congenital conditions) - reduced in size and lost its myelin - in health the optic nerve has a triangular shape due to the myelin
87
Identify this pathology ?
Collie eye anomaly congenital condition Abnormal choroid or retina tissue lateral to the optic nerve.
88
Identify this pathology ?
Retinal dysplasia (congenital condition) - strange folds in the retina may appear like worms
89
Identify this pathology ?
Exudative retinal detachment
90
Identify this pathology ?
Optic neuritis Inflammatory condition - Inflamed optic nerve - sort of fuzzy - swollen appearance
91
Identify this pathology ?
Asteroid hyalosis (degenerative condition) - speaks observed in vitreous - age related change / older dogs
92
Identify this pathology ?
Vitreal degeneration and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. (degenerative disorder) - common in older dogs - certain breeds labs - moonscape effect
93
What is SARDS ?
SARDS Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome - often the retina appears completely normal - will observe degeneral changes later on - middle age to older dogs - zero electrical response from retina - change observed within 7 days
94
What do you call this change in the anterior chamber of the eye ? What dose this change suggest ?
1. Hyopyon 2. Anterior uveitis
95
If you have a bilateral change as pictured what else should you be assessing in this patient ?
96
Define a cataract and its sequalae ?
Cataract An opacity or loss of transparency of the lens as a result of tissue breakdown and protein clumping degenerative. Sequaelae - congenital - hereditary 'primary' - secondary to uveitis, trauma, diabetes
97
Identify the five stages of the cataract ?
The five stages of the cataract incipient immature mature hypermature reasorbing
98
# [](http://) Identify and describe this pathology ?
Incipient cataract - small bubbles of degenerative change in the lens - < 10% of lens lost opacity - the majority of the tapedal reflex still present
99
Identify and describe this pathology ?
Immature cataract - many clumps of opaque material - retro illumination appear as black shadows - 50% of lens black shadows
100
Identify and describe this pathology ?
Mature cataract - the entire lens has lost its opacity - complete black out of tapedal reflex
101
Identify and describe this pathology ?
Resorbing cataract - rare - all the contents of the capsule dissolve with degeneration - left with crystals within the lens capsule - may regain vision and tapedal reflex
102
Identify this pathology ?
Primary Lens luxation aphasic cresent premature breakdown of collagen making up the lens zonule there is genetic testing available
103

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