I. Cell Physiology

Question 1

Compartment of the cell which contains DNA, Histones, Chromosomes, and the Nucleolus

Answer 1

Nucleus

Question 2

Membrane-bound organelle; site for electron transport chain and citric acid cycle

Answer 2

Mitochondria

Question 3

Involved in detoxification, lipid synthesis and conversion of lipid-soluble substances into water-soluble substances

Answer 3

Agranular endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

Synthesizes proteins bound for the cell membrane, lysosomes, or for secretion outside of the cell

Answer 4

RER Ribosome

Question 5

Synthesizes mitochondrial proteins and proteins which remain within the cytoplasm

Answer 5

Free-floating Ribosome

Question 6

Responsible for packaging and molecular tagging of proteins; synthesis of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate

Answer 6

Golgi apparatus

Question 7

Contains proenzymes and neurotransmitters; replenishes cell membrane proteins

Answer 7

Secretory Vesicles

Question 8

Involved in autolysis and tissue regression; destroys foreign bodies

Answer 8

Lysosome

Question 9

Degrades membrane-associated proteins; not membrane-bound

Answer 9

Proteosomes

Question 10

Contains oxidases and catalases which function in detoxification and removal of reactive oxygen species; supplements lipid synthesis done by Smooth ER

Answer 10

Peroxisomes

Question 11

Biochemical pathways occurring in both the mitochondria and cytoplasm

Answer 11

Heme synthesis, Urea synthesis and Gluconeogenesis

Question 12

Biochemical pathways occurring exclusively in the mitochondria

Answer 12

Beta-oxidation and Krebs Cycle

Question 13

Site of transcription and processing of ribosomal RNA

Answer 13

Nucleolus

Question 14

Skeletal Muscle: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Neuron: _____

Answer 14

Nissl substance. Both are specialized forms of SER

Question 15

Structural protein which undergoes its final modification in the RER rather than the Golgi apparatus

Answer 15

Collagen

Question 16

The wear-and-tear pigment which accumulates in lysosomes; marker of cellular aging

Answer 16

Lipofuscin

Question 17

Added by the Golgi apparatus to lysosome-bound proteins

Answer 17

Mannose-6-phosphate

Question 18

Cell filament in microvilli, zonula adherens, zonula occludens, muscles; involved in locomotion of macrophages

Answer 18

Actin (microfilaments)

Question 19

Cell filament found in keratin, neurofilaments, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

Answer 19

Intermediate filaments

Question 20

Produced from tubulin dimers; found in flagella, cilia, centrioles, intracellular vesicles and the mitotic spindle

Answer 20

Microtubules

Question 21

Transport of cellular substances from center to periphery

Answer 21

Kinesin

Question 22

Transport of cellular substances from periphery to center

Answer 22

Dynein

Question 23

Junctional complex: disk-shaped, for firm intracellular adhesions; seen in epithelium

Answer 23

Macula adherens (desmosomes)

Question 24

Junctional complex: ring-shaped; increases surface area for contact; seen in intercalated discs in cardiac muscle

Answer 24

Zonula adherens

Question 25

Junctional complex: reticular pattern; divides the cell into apical and baso-lateral side; leaky-type (PCT, Jejunum) vs tight-type (collectung duct, terminal colon, blood-brain barrier)

Answer 25

Zonula occludens (tight junction)

Question 26

Junctional complex: for intercellular communication; seen in cardiac and urinary tract smooth muscle

Answer 26

Gap junctions

Question 27

Gap junction functional unit

Answer 27

Connexon

Question 28

Theory describing various macromolecules, such as phospholipids, glycoproteins, peripheral and integral proteins, cholesterol, moving laterally throughout the plasma membrane bi-layer

Answer 28

Fluid-Mosaic model

Question 29

Membrane component which is the main determinant of fluidity and permeability to hydrophilic substances

Answer 29

Cholesterol

Question 30

Precursor for steroid hormones, vitamin D and bile salst

Answer 30

Cholesterol

Question 31

Endocytosis of proteins; requires ATP and extracellular calcium

Answer 31

Pinocytosis

Question 32

Endocytosis of large substances (bacteria, cell debris, dead cells); often receptor-mediated

Answer 32

Phagocytosis

Question 33

Triskelion-shaped protein which plays a major role in the formation of coated vesicles for endocytosis

Answer 33

Clathrin

Question 34

Mediators of exocytosis

Answer 34

SNARE proteins

Question 35

TBW in infants

Answer 35

75% of body weight

Question 36

Average mass of the the milleu interior in a 70-kg man?

Answer 36

14kg (milleu interior = internal environment = ECF = 20% TBW)

Question 37

Predominant extracellular cation

Answer 37

Na+

Question 38

Predominant extracellular anion

Answer 38

Cl-

Question 39

Predominant intracellular cation

Answer 39

K+

Question 40

Predominant intracellular anion

Answer 40

PO4-

Question 41

States that within the same compartment, the total number of cations should be equal to the total number of anion

Answer 41

Principle of Macroscopic Electroneutrality

Question 42

Indicator molecule for Total Body Water

Answer 42

Deuterium oxide, antipyrine

Question 43

Indicator molecule for ECF

Answer 43

Inulin, mannitol

Question 44

Indicator molecule for Plasma

Answer 44

I(124)-labeled albumin

Question 45

Normal plasma osmolarity

Answer 45

300 mOsm/L

Question 46

Describes the ease with which a solutes permeates a membrane on a numerical scale from 0 to 1 (no penetration to complete penetration)

Answer 46

Reflection Coefficient

Question 47

Transport mechanism: active (indirectly utilizes the ion gradient created by the Na-K-ATPase pump), carrier-mediated

Answer 47

Secondary active transport

Question 48

Characteristics of carrier-mediated transport

Answer 48

Saturation, Stereospecificity and Competition

Question 49

Transport mechanism: passive, non-carrier-mediated

Answer 49

Simple Diffusion

Question 50

Transport mechanism: passive, carrier mediated

Answer 50

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 51

Transport mechanism: active (directly utilizes ATP), carrier mediated

Answer 51

Primary active transport

Question 52

Transport mechanism utilized by SGLT-1 (intestines), SGLT-2 (kidneys), Na-K-Cl (ascending tubule), Na-H exchange (PCT)

Answer 52

Secondary active transport

Question 53

Example of primary active transport in the stomach

Answer 53

H-K ATPase pump (proton pump)

Question 54

Transport mechanism utilized by D-glucose transport to muscles and adipose

Answer 54

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 55

Transport mechanism utilized by alcohol, lipid hormones, anesthetic drugs

Answer 55

Simple Diffusion

Question 56

Transport mechanism utilized by oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide

Answer 56

Simple Diffusion

Question 57

Prevents cellular swelling, helps establish resting membrane potential and contributes to basal metabolic reate

Answer 57

Na-K-ATPase pump

Question 58

Functional unit of the Na-K-ATPase pump inhibited by digoxin

Answer 58

Alpha subunit

Question 59

Location of the Na-K-ATPase pump in the choroid plexus

Answer 59

Apical side

Question 60

Location of the Na-K-ATPase pump in all epithelial cells except the choroid plexus

Answer 60

Basolateral side

Question 61

Formula for plasma osmolarity

Answer 61

2Na + Glucose/18 + BUN/2.8 (Na in mEq/L; Glucose in mg/dL; BUN in mg/dL)

Question 62

Autosomal recessive disease characterized by absence of dynein in the microtubules

Answer 62

Kartagener syndrome

Question 63

Triad of Kartagener syndrome

Answer 63

Infertility, bronchiectasis, situs inversus

Question 64

Whip-like movements exhibited only be cells of the respiratory airway and fallopian tubes

Answer 64

Ciliary movement

Question 65

Cellular locomotion exhibited in response to a chemotactic substance

Answer 65

Amoeboid movement (seen WBCs, fibroblasts, germinal cells of the skin, fertilized embryo)

Question 66

Propeller-like cellular locomotion characterized by quasi-sinusoidal waves

Answer 66

Flagellar movement