II. Neurophysiology and Sensory Physiology Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
Hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, visual agnosia; often as a result of bilateral lesions to the amygdala during temporal lobectomy
A
Klüver-Bucy syndrome
2
Q
Location of lesion presenting with retrograde amnesia
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Thalamus
3
Q
Location of lesion presenting with anterograde amnesia
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Hippocampus
4
Q
Broddman areas: Broca’s area; lesion results in non-fluent / expressive aphasia
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Area 44, 45
5
Q
Broddman areas: Wernicke’s area; lesion results in fluent / receptive aphasia (“word-salad”)
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Area 22
6
Q
Association area in charge of behavior, emotions and motivation
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Limbic Association Area
7
Q
Area of the hypothalamus composed of magnocellular neurosecretory cells; produces vasopressin
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Supraoptic nucleui
8
Q
Area of the hypothalamus which produces oxytocin
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Paraventricular nucleui
9
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Lesion of this area of the hypothalamus may result in weight gain due to loss of satiety
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Ventromedial nuclei
10
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Lesion of this area of the hypothalamus may result it weight loss due to loss of hunger sensation
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Lateral nuclei
11
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Thalamic center for heat release (sweating)
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Anterior hypothalamus
12
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Thalamic center for heat conservation (shivering)
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Posterior hypothalamus
13
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Reward center
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Median Forebrain bundle
14
Q
Punishment center (more powerful in creating new memories than pleasure and reward)
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Central gray area around aqueduct of sylvius
15
Q
Component of the limbic system thought to control social inhibitions
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Amygdala
16
Q
Houses the vasomotor center; respiratory centers; swallowing, coughing and vomiting centers
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Medulla
17
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Micturition center, pneumotaxic center, apneustic center
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Pons
18
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Relay center for sensation
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Thalamus
19
Q
Connections between left and right cerebral hemispheres
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Corpus callosum, anterior commissure
20
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Broddman areas: primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe; corresponds to the postcentral gyrus
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Areas 3, 1, 2
21
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Broddman areas: primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe; corresponds to the precentral gyrus
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Area 4
22
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Broddman areas: primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe
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Area 17
23
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Master clock of all biological clocks in the human body; neurons exhibit synchronized, rhythmic firing
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus of the thalamus
24
Q
Secretes increased levels of melatonin in darkness, regulating circadian functions of the body
A
Pineal gland
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EEG waves seen in brain disorders and degenerative states
Theta waves
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EEG waves seen when awake but eyes closed
Alpha waves
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EEG waves seen when awake but eyes open
Beta waves
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EEG waves seen during deep sleep and with organic brain diseases
Delta waves
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Peptidoglycans which are thought to play a role in enhancement of slow-wave sleep
muramyl peptides
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Type of sleep associated with memory formation, decreased BP, HR and BMR, increased GI motility
Slow-wave sleep
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Type of sleep exhibiting progression through alpha waves, theta waves, delta waves interrupted by sleep spindles, then delta waves alone
Slow-wave sleep
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Type of sleep associated with active dreaming, rapid eye-movements and penile erection; may exhibit irregular BP, HR and RR;
Paradoxical sleep (REM sleep)
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Type of sleep associated with beta waves; more difficult to arouse
Paradoxical sleep (REM sleep)
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Range of systemic blood pressure wherein cerebral blood flow is autoregulated at the local level
60-140 mmHg
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Areas of the body capable of autoregulation of blood flow
Brain, heart, kidney, exercising skeletal muscle
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Effect of increased carbon dioxide on cerebral blood flow
Increase
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Percentage of total body metabolism occuring in the most metabolic organ in the body
15% (by the Brain!)
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Total amount of CSF produced by the body in a day
500mL
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CSF pathway: lateral ventricle ---> ______
Foramen of monroe
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CSF pathway: foramen of monroe ---> ______
Third ventricle
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CSF pathway: third ventricle ---> ______
Aqueduct of Sylvius
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CSF pathway: Aqueduct of Sylvius---> ______
Fourth ventricle
43
CSF pathway: fourth ventricle---> ______ (medial)
Foramen of Magendie
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CSF pathway: fourth ventricle---> ______ (lateral)
Foramen of Luschka (there are two!)
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CSF pathway: Foramina of Luschka and Magendie---> ______
Subarachnoid space
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CSF pathway: subarachnoid space---> ______
Arachnoid granulations
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CSF pathway: arachnoid granulations---> ______
Dural venous sinus blood
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Type of junctional complex seen in the cells composing the blood-brain barrier
Zonula occludens
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Areas of the brain which are devoid of the blood-brain barrier
Hypothalamus (some areas), pineal gland, area postrema
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Cranial nerves with PNS participation
Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Facial, Occulomotor ( IX, X, VII, III)
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Sole sources of energy for the brain
Glucose (fed state); Ketone bodies (fasting)
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Target tissues under sympathetic control which utilize cholinergic rather than adrenergic receptors
Erector pili muscle, sweat glands ( influenced by muscarinic receptors)
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Location of cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system
Brainstem; sacral segments of the spinal cord
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Location of cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
Brainstem; thoracic and lumbar segments of the spinal cord
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Location of cell bodies of the post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system
Walls of effector organs (hence, longer pre-ganglionic fibers)
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Location of cell bodies of the post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system
Paravertebral ganglia (hence, longer post-ganglionic fibers)
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Characteristic of sensory receptors in which there is a change in response secondary to repetitive or prolonged stimuli
Adaptation
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Characteristic of sensory receptors wherein specific sensations have specific receptors
Differential sensitivity
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Characteristic of sensory receptors wherein specific sensations traverse specific pathways
Labeled line principle
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Sensory receptor for detecting continuous stimulus strength
Tonic Receptor
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Sensory receptor for detecting onset and offset of stimulus; predictive function
Phasic Receptor
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Characteristics of Type I receptive field in skin
smaller; well-defined border
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Characteristics of Type 2 receptive field in skin
wider; poorly-defined border
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Tactile receptors: found in skin; for touch and pressure
Free nerve ending
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Tactile receptors: found in fingertips and lips; for movement of objects and low-frequency vibration
Meissner's corpuscles (FA1)
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Tactile receptors: Iggo Dome receptors; for continuous touch; determining texture and touch localization
Merkel's disc (SA1)
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Tactile receptors: found in hair base; for continuous touch; for detection of movement of objects over skin
Hair-end organ
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Tactile receptors: found in deep skin and joint capsules; for heavy and prolonged touch; signals degree of joint rotation
Ruffini's end organ (SA2)
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Tactile receptors: onion-like; found in skin and deep fascia; for detection of high-frequency vibration
Pacinian corpuscles (FA2)
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Large myelinated fibers; faster conduction velocity; greater temporal and spatial fidelity; decussates near the medulla as internal arcuate fibers
Dorsal column - Medial lemniscus pathway
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Small myelinated fibers; relatively slower conduction velocity; less accurate gradiations; decussates immediately in the anterior white commissure of the spinal cord (1-2 vertebral levels above point of entry)
Antero-lateral system (Spinothalamic tract)
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Vibration, position sense, fine pressure, two-point discrimination
Dorsal column - Medial lemniscus pathway
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Pain, temperature, crude touch and pressure, ticke and itch, sexual sensation
Antero-lateral system (Spinothalamic tract)
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Thalamic relay station for the Dorsal column - Medial lemniscus pathway
VPL nuclei
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Thalamic relay station for the Trigemino-thalamic pathway
VPM nuclei
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Thalamic relay station for Antero-lateral system (Spinothalamic tract)
VPI nuclei
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Sensory fiber and neurotransmitter for fast pain
A-delta fibers; glutamate
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Sensory fiber and neurotransmitter for slow pain
Type C fibers; Substance P
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Sharp / pricking/ acute/ "electric" pain
Fast pain
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Slow/ burning/ aching/ chronic pain; associated with tissue destruction
Slow pain
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Opiod mediators of the endogenous analgesia system
Enkephalin, dynorphine, beta-endorphine
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Inhibition of pain caused by stimulating tactile receptors; said to be the basis for massage and accupuncture
Lateral inhibition
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Cold receptors
Type-A delta fibers
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Warmth receptors
Type C fibers
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Thresholds for pain sensation in relation to changes in temperature
Greater than 43 and less than 15 degrees Celsius
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Light wavelengths that fall within the human visual range
400-750nm
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Average refractive power of the human eye
59-60 diopters
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Average refractive power contributed by the cornea
~40 diopters (2/3 total)
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Average refractive power contributed by the lens
~20 diopters (1/3 total) - lens exhibits variable refractive power
90
Focusing on a distant object
Ciliary muscles relaxed; suspensory ligaments tensed; lens flattened
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Focusing on a near object
Ciliary muscles contracted; suspensory ligaments relaxed ; lens becomes spherical
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Refractive power added during accomodation
~14 diopters
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Produces the main determinant of IOP
Ciliary body (produces aqueous humor)
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Causes membrane hyperpolarization of its receptor, in contrast to all other sensory stimuli
Light
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Area of central vision with slight thickening and pale color
Macula Lutea
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Depression in macula with highest visual resolution; point of fixation of the perceived image
Fovea
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Anatomic blind spot
Optic Disc
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Protrusion of the optic disc into the vitreoius space due to increased ICP
Papilledema
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Prevents light scattering; site of retinal detachment and macular degeneration; contains melanin
Retinal Pigment Epithelium
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Contrast detectors; connects rods and cones with ganglion cells
Bipolar cells
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Retinal glial cell
Mueller cells
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Retinal ganglion cell for detecting color, form and fine detail
P cell
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Retinal ganglion cell for detecting movement and illumination
M cell
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Retinal ganglion cell with unknown function
W cell
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More numerous; lower acuity; greater amount of photopigment; greater signal amplification; slower adaptation lasting minutes to hours; for night-vision
Rods
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Less numerous; higher acuity; less amount of photopigment; less signal amplification; faster adaptation lasting only seconds; for color vision in daylight
Cones
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Type of photopigment found in rods
Rhodopsin
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Types photochemicals found in cones
Blue/Green/Red
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Effect of rhodopsin on photosensitivity
Increase
110
Light rays converge in front of the retina; corrected by biconcave (minus/diverging) lens
Myopia
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Light rays converge behind the retina; corrected by convex (plus/converging) lens
Hyperopia
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Decreased VA caused by irregular curvature of the cornea; corrected by cylindrical lens
Astigmatism
113
Age-related loss of accommodation; corrected by convex (plus/converging) lens
Presbyopia
114
A person with this condition will have improved near vision as he/she ages
Hyperopia (corrected by Presbyopia)
115
First sign of Vitamin A deficiency
Nyctalopia
116
Common in Lung CA patients with tumors compressing sympathetic fibers in the neck; triad of Ptosis, Miosis, Anhydrosis
Horner's Syndrome
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Speed of sound in air
335m/sec
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Range of sound frequencies detectable by the human ear
20-20,000 Hz
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Sound frequencies that cause greater damage to the Organ of Corti
Low frequency
120
Average loudness of conversational speech
60 dB
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Loudness capable of causing pain sensation in the ear
120 dB
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Age-related progressive sensorineural hearing loss
Presbycusis
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Length of time of exposure to sound with loudness >85 dB or higher that will result in occupational hearing loss
>8 hours per day for 10 years (OHL is the most common occupation-related disease)
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Function of the outer ear (pinna, EAM)
Sound collection and localization
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Function of the middle ear (tympanic membrane, auditory ossicles)
Impedance matching
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Reach the basilar membrane more proximal to the oval window
High frequency sound waves
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Reach the basilar membrane near the helicotrema (apex of the Organ of Corti)
Low frequency sound waves
128
Function of the basilar membrane
frequency analyzer; distributes stimulus along the Organ of Corti according to frequency
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Functions to mask background noise and protect the chochlea from damaging sounds
Attenuation reflex
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Found in the scala media; high in potassium
Endolymph
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Found in the scala vestibuli and scala tympani; high in sodium
Perilymph
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Component of vestibular apparatus mainly used in detecting linear acceleration and head orientation with respect to gravity
Saccule and Utricle (otolith organs)
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Component of the vestibular apparatus mainly used in detecting rotation, angular acceleration and maintenance of equilibrium
Semicircular canals
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Crista ampullaris, cupula and hair cells
Semicircular canals
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Macule, stataconia and hair cells
Saccule and Utricle (otolith organs)
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Lifespan of taste chemoreceptors
10 days
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Examples> Sweet:Salty:Sour:Umami:Bitter
Sucrose: Sodium: HCl: MSG: Quinine
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Tastebuds located on anterior and lateral surface of the tongue
Fungiform and Foliate papillae
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Lifespan of olfactory receptors
60 days
140
Nerve fibers used by olfactory sense
Unmyelinated C fibers
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Special sense that does not have a relay center in the thalamus
Smell
142
Responsible for detection of painful/noxious odors
Trigeminal nerve (CN V) contribution to the olfactory membrane
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Taste buds located at the base of the tongue
Circumvallate papillae
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Macrophages of the brain
Microglia
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Non-neuronal cells which regulate ECF ion composition; provide mechanical support; form the blood-brain barrier
Astrocytes
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Non-neuronal cells which create myelin in the central nervous system
Oligodendrocytes
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Non-neuronal cells which create myelin in the peripheral nervous system
Schwann cells
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Non-neuronal cells which provide support and maintain homeostasis; more numerous than neurons
Glial Cells
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Portion of the neuron which receives neurotransmitters
Dendrites
150
Portion of the neuron where the action potential is generated
Axon Hillock
151
Functions as an insulator of the nerve cell; its presence increases the speed of action potential conduction by saltatory conduction
Myelin sheath
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Unmyelinated portions of the axon
Nodes of ranvier
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Branches of the axon
Neural fibril
154
Terminal portion of a neural fibril where NT-containing vesicles are found
Terminal bouton
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Space separating an axon and dendrite; permits transmission of conducting signal from one nerve cell to another
Synapse
156
Microtubule used in replenishing synaptic vesicles at the terminal boutons (anterograde axonal transport)
Kinesin
157
Microtubule used in recycling synaptic vesicles by lysosomal degredation (retrograde axonal transport)
Dynein
158
Death of an axon distal to the site of nerve transection
Wallerian degeneration (anterograde degredation)
159
Changes to the soma (nerve cell body) after an axon is transected
Chematolysis (axonal reaction)
160
Branch of the nervous system more capable of axonal regeneration
Peripheral nervous system (as compared to CNS)
161
Neurotransmitter utilized by skeletal muscle, all preganglionic neurons of the ANS, post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system and some post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system
Acetylcholine
162
Location of synthesis of acetylcholine
Nucleus basalis of Meynert in the basal ganglia
163
CNS disease entity which exhibits acetylcholine deficiency
Alzheimer's disease
164
Location majority of dopamine in the brain
Substantia nigra pars compacta & ventral tegmental area
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Responsible for degradation of dopamine
MAO and COMT
166
CNS disease entity which exhibits dopamine deficiency
Parkinson's disease
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CNS disease entity which exhibits dopamine excess
Schizophrenia
168
Neurotransmitter found in the locus ceruleus in the pons
Norepinephrine
169
Neurotransmitters used by the adrenergic system; controls overall activity and mood; responsible for increased level of wakefulness
Catecholamines (NE and E)
170
Derived from Phenylalanine
Tyrosine, L-Dopa, Dopamine, NE, Thyroxine, Melanin
171
Derived from Tryptophan
Melatonin, Serotonin, Niacin
172
Secretes serotonin in the brain
Median raphe of the brainstem
173
Where serotonin is converted to melatonin
Pineal gland
174
Derived from arginine; short-acting inhibitory neurotransmitter secreted in areas of the brain responsible for long-term behavior and memory
Nitric Oxide
175
Neurotransmitter derived from Histidine; involved in control of arousal, sleep and circadian rhythms
Histamine
176
Major location of histamine in the brain
Tuberomamillary nucleus of the hypothalamus
177
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord
Glycine
178
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain; derived from the main excitatory neurotransmitter
GABA (derived from Glutamate)
179
Main excitatory neurotransmitter
Glutamate
180
Typical resting membrane potential of nerve cells
-70mV
181
Characteristics of an action potential
Stereotypical, propagating, all-or-none
182
Contributes to the value of the resting membrane potential
Nernst potential of ions; Na-K leak channels; Na-K-ATPase pump
183
Sodium influx caused by opening of the Na-activation gates
Depolarization
184
Closure of Na-inactivation gates; opening of potassium gates causing potassium effflux
Repolarization
185
Ionic basis for the absolute refractory period
Na inactivation gates still closed
186
Ionic basis for relative refractory period
Prolonged opening of K channels
187
Slow depolarization of a nerve cell, allowing threshold potential to be surpassed without generating an action potential
Accommodation
188
Neurotoxin that blocks sodium channels
Tetradotoxin (pufferfish); Saxitoxin (dinoflagellates)
189
Neurotoxin that blocks potassium channels
Tetraethylammonium (pufferfish)
190
Two or more presnaptic inputes arriving at the postsynaptic cell simultaneously
Spatial summation
191
Two or more presnaptic inputes arriving at the postsynaptic cell in rapid succession
Temporal summation
192
Repeated stimulation of the postsynaptic cell causing response to be greater than expected
Nerve facilitation
193
Repeated stimulation of the postsynaptic cell causing response to be decreased
Synaptic fatigue
194
Increased release of and sensitivity to neurotransmitter
Long-term potentiation
195
Fastest-transmitting nerve fibers; used in proprioception and somatic motor system
A-alpha
196
Nerve fibers used in muscle spindles
A-gamma
