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ICA > ICA Module 1 Section 4 > Flashcards

ICA Module 1 Section 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of a footing? A foundation?

A

To distribute load of building, prevent frost from moving building

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2
Q

List 3 common foundation configurations & footing types

A

basement, crawlspace, slab on grade

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3
Q

What is the difference between a strip footing & a pad footing, & where would each be used?

A

strip runs the perimeter, pad is spaced out, at bottom of foundation

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4
Q

There are several different materials that a foundation might be made of. List as many as you can

A

wood, concrete, concrete block, terracotta

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5
Q

Why is it critical to document how the crawlspace was inspected?

A

If there are limitations & you can’t inspect everything the clients needs to know because there could be concealed damage

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6
Q

Explain the difference between a live load & a dead load. Give examples

A

Dead= weight of building
Live= includes weight of people, snow, wind, rain
EX: people, move around

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7
Q

What is the difference between a pilaster & a pier

A

pilaster used to thicken foundation wall, pier support foundation

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8
Q

When a foundation ;is supported on piles, are the piles typically visible for inspection?

A

No

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9
Q

Name 4 causes of cracks in a foundation

A

settlement, shrinkage, horizontal force, heaving

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10
Q

Explain the difference between uniform settlement & differential settlement

A

not settling at the same time, settling together

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11
Q

What is a shrinkage crack & what causes it?

A

when concrete shrinks, drying/curing of the concrete

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12
Q

Describe a typical shrinkage crack

A

vertical or diagonal

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13
Q

What is the main implication of a shrinkage crack?

A

None

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14
Q

If you identify a foundation crack, is it possible to determine the rate of movement at the time of the inspection?

A

No

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15
Q

Is it a good idea to inspect the neighborhood as you are arriving at an inspection. What kinds of things should you look for and how can they help you in your inspection?

A

yes, structure problems, help identify clients house

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16
Q

In general, which crack would be more serious? A crack that has moved in one place or a crack that has moved in 2 different planes?

A

2

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17
Q

It is sometimes difficult to distinguish between a settlement problem and a heaving problem. Give a few examples of how you would distinguish between the two

A

?

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18
Q

Cracks due to horizontal forces rarely result in a structural problem. T/F

A

False

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19
Q

Often horizontal forces will cause horizontal cracks in a foundation wall. Why might the crack disappear near the edge of the wall?

A

walls are restrained

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20
Q

In your own words, define lateral support as it applies to foundation

A

It’s the start for a structure to be supported from moving side to side

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21
Q

Why might a damaged foundation wall start to move suddenly after a heavy rain?

A

rain can cause a lot of pressure against walls

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22
Q

Which is stronger, a poured concrete wall or concrete block wall of the same dimensions?

A

poured

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23
Q

In your own words, describe a cold joint as it relates to a concrete foundation

A

the joint that’s made in the middle from pouring the foundation at two different times

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24
Q

The foundation should extend far enough out of the ground that the wood members are not below grade. Why?

A

wood will rot

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25
Q

List 5 structural components of floors, as defined in this unit

A

sills, columns, beams, joists, subflooring

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26
Q

All of these may be floor functions EXCEPT
a. transferring live & dead loads to the foundation
b. providing lateral support for foundation walls
c. carrying the weight of masonry chimneys

A

carrying the weight of masonry chimneys

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27
Q

Floors will bend a little before they break T/F

A

True

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28
Q

Why is wood contact with concrete near or below grade level discouraged?

A

Rot

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29
Q

What is the main function of sills?

A

connect top of foundation to wood floors from above

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30
Q

Why are spotted sills a problem? (3 answers)

A

settlement in walls & floors above, rotted joists, & studs, no longer anchored to foundation

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31
Q

How are sills anchored to foundations?

A

anchor, bolt

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32
Q

List 5 common sill problems

A

rot, insect damage, crushed, not properly anchored, missing

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33
Q

Columns transfer live & dead loads from:
A. joists to footings
B. beams to footings
C. joists to soil directly
D. subfloors to joists
E. subfloors to footings

A

beams to footings

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34
Q

List 5 common column materials

A

wood, concrete, concrete block, steel, brick

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35
Q

List 12 common column problems

A

missing, rusting, rotting, leaning, sagging, insect damage

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36
Q

Which column materials are susceptible to crushing?

A

concrete, wood

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37
Q

How wide should the top of a column be, relative to the width of the beam above?

A

for width

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38
Q

How may steel columns be fastened to steel beams? (list 3)

A

bolts, weld, metal tabs

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39
Q

What tool, in addition to your eyes, is commonly used to inspect columns?

A

level

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40
Q

Columns are most likely to rot at:
A. the top
B. the middle
C. the bottom

A

the bottom

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41
Q

Beams carry loads from (4 answers)
A. floors
B. walls
C. roofs
D. footings
E. columns

A

floors, walls, roofs, columns

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42
Q

The 2 most common beam materials are:

A

wood, steel

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43
Q

List 4 types of engineered wood products used for beams

A

laminated, laminated veneer lumber, laminated strand, parallel strand lumber

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44
Q

A beam notched at the top is more likely to cause failure than one notched at the bottom. T/F

A

False

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45
Q

Beams rest on (2 answers)

A

foundations & columns

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46
Q

The ends of beams should have at least _ inches of bearing

A

3

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47
Q

List 14 common beam problems

A

rot, rust, insect damage, sag, split, poorly connected

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48
Q

Where is rust MOST likely to be found on a steel beam?
a. the top
b. the end
c. the middle
d. in the web only

A

the end

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49
Q

Beams sag because they are over _____. Another way saying that they are under _______.

A

over spanned, under silled

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50
Q

Steel beams should be shimmed with wood T/F

A

False

51
Q

Wood beams should not be supported directly on hollow concrete blocks T/F

A

True

52
Q

Wood beams in pockets in masonry or concrete walls should have 1/2” of air space around the sides, top, and end. Why?

A

allow wood to dry

53
Q

Checking of wood beams (2 answers)
a. indicates failure
b. requires repair, but not replacement
c. results from drying
d. is usually not serious
e. indicates fire damage

A

results from drying, is usually not serious

54
Q

Columns that rest on the midpoint of beam spans may (2 reasons)

A

overstress the beam, create a concentrated load

55
Q

The function of joists is to (3 answers)

A

transfer live loads to beams, transfer dead loads to foundations, and transfer live & dead loads directly to columns

56
Q

Name 5 engineered wood products that may replace conventional joists.

A

tresses, plywood, laminated veneer lumber, parallel strand lumber, laminated strand lumber

57
Q

Joists see vertical loads only. T/F

A

False

58
Q

List 11 common joist problems you will see in inspection:

A

rot, rust, sagging, twisted, split, damaged, missing

59
Q

Roughly how far can these common joists span if spaced 16” apart?
2x8, 2x10, 2x12

A

2x8= 111/2’, 2x10= 14’, 2x12= 16’

60
Q

Joists typically need ____ inches of end bearing when supported by wood.

A

1 1/2’

61
Q

Joists notched at their end are stronger than normal joists. T/F

A

False

62
Q

Joists resting on foundation walls at or near grade level are prone to rot. T/F

A

True

63
Q

List 6 possible joist hanger problems

A

rust, wrong size, wrong nails

64
Q

How does a ledger board support joists?

A

bolted to a beam

65
Q

List 4 things that can prevent joist twisting.

A

sheetrock, strapping w/1/4’s, bridging

66
Q

Holes in joists should be near the bottom rather than the middle of the joists. T/F

A

False

67
Q

What is a cantilever?

A

weak structural details

68
Q

Outdoor cantilevers are particularly vulnerable to moisture damage. Where is the problem most likely occur and why?

A

Where they pass through wall, more water

69
Q

Partition walls exert no load on floor joists b/c they are not load-bearing walls. T/F

A

False

70
Q

Name 3 common subfloor materials

A

plywood, waferboard, wood paneling

71
Q

Subfloors act like (2 answers)
a. joists
b. foundations
c. columns
d. footings
e. beams

A

joists & beams

72
Q

What is one possible disadvantage of diagonal plank subflooring?

A

spongy

73
Q

Plywood should be installed w/its long dimensional parallel to joists. T/F

A

False

74
Q

Common subflooring problems include:

A

bowing, rot, insect damage, damage, cantilevered

75
Q

List 4 common concrete-floor problems

A

cracked, settled, heaved, hollow below, rusted rebar, spalling

76
Q

Shrinkage crack patterns in concrete?????
a. circles
b. in straight lines
c. random
d. at 45 degrees to walls
e. at 90 degrees to walls

A

random

77
Q

How can you tell if slabs have had their support????

A

hollow sound

78
Q

List 7 functions of walls

A

hide plumbing/electrical, support drywall, support siding, sound & thermal insulation

79
Q

List 6 materials that may be used for masonry ?????

A

brick, stone, glass block

80
Q

Masonry walls are strongest in
a. compression
b. tension
c. bending

A

compression

81
Q

List 7 problems with masonry walls

A

cracking, leaning, bowing, spalling

82
Q

You see large metal plates or stars on the outside of the masonry walls at the top of the first-floor level of an older two-story building. Why are these here?

A

anchor plates

83
Q

Patched cracks on brick are a sure sign of serious structural movement. T/F

A

False

84
Q

Bearing walls & partition walls are built in substantially the same way. T/F

A

True

85
Q

Walls see vertical loads only. T/F

A

False

86
Q

Openings in partition walls need headers. T/F

A

False

87
Q

List 5 differences between a bearing wall & partition wall.

A

not transferring loads (partition), must have support under them(load-bearing), no need for header (partition)

88
Q

Where is condensation damage likely to be worst?
a. above windows
b. top of windows
c. corners of walls
d. midpoint of walls
e. bottom of walls

A

above windows

89
Q

Longer studs are more susceptible than conventional length studs to
a. settling
b. rotting
c. leaning
d. leaking
e. bowing/buckling

A

bowing/buckling

90
Q
A

True

91
Q

Offset bearing walls (2 answers)
a. asset
b. serious structural problem
c. common
d. often result in minor structural problems
e. must always be parallel to joists

A

common, often result in minor structural problems

92
Q

Missing fire stopping (3)
a. is more common on balloon frame than platform construction
b. fire hazard
c. tough to see on most inspections
d. only found in masonry houses
e. never found in masonry houses

A

tough to see on most inspections

93
Q

Interior wall cracks radiating up from top of windows may mean
a. sagging lintels
b. foundation settlement
c. overs panned joists
d. lack of wall sheathing
e. shrinkage of framing members

A

?? sagging lintels, over spanned joists, shrinkage of framing members

94
Q

In masonry veneer walls
a. masonry is roughly 1 inch thick
b. masonry supported primarily by wood framing
c. header courses are found every 7th row
d. weep holes are often found
e. metal ties are never used

A

weep holes are often found

95
Q

Give 5 techniques to help differentiate masonry veneer walls from solid masonry walls

A

weep holes, no masonry arches, weld studs, no header bricks, supported on metal angle

96
Q

List 10 common masonry veneer wall problems.

A

cracks, bowing, leaning, missing mortar, wavy

97
Q

List 7 common veneer wall problems.

A

rot, insect damage, damage, bowing, sagging lintels, sagging top plate

98
Q

Masonry veneer is a load-bearing part of the structure T/F

A

False

99
Q

Briefly describe the functions of arches & lintels

A

transfer loads of walls over openings to side walls on either side

100
Q

What materials are used for arches?

A

stone, brick, concrete

101
Q

End bearing for steel lintels in masonry should be at least ___ inches

A

6

102
Q

End bearing for headers in wood-frame walls should beat least __ inches

A

1 1/2’

103
Q

8 common arch & lintel problems

A

cracks, missing, rust, rot, insect damage

104
Q

The top of the exposed edge of a steel lintel should be caulked T/F

A

False

105
Q

MISSING QUESTION

A

Rotting?

106
Q

List 5 functions of roof-framing members

A

carry live loads, carry dead loads, roof covering equipment, lateral support, create attic space

107
Q

Define rafters roof joists, and ceiling joists

A

rafters= support sheathing & roofing
roof joists= supports heating & roofing
ceiling joists= horizontal members that work with rafters & ceiling joists

108
Q

Ceilings joists are often not continuous from one side of the building to the other. In this case, they are spliced over a central bearing wall. Why do they have to be securely tied together?

A

To complete triangle

109
Q

How might you tell the difference between roof sheathing sag and rafter sag from the exterior of the house?

A

sheathing is a repetitive pattern rafters/joists

110
Q

Explain why a ridge beam helps prevent rafter spread

A

The rafters are tied to the beam adding stability

111
Q

Proper end bearing is required for rafters and ceiling joists. Generally speaking, what is the minimum recommended end bearing?

A

1 1/2’

112
Q

Give 2 examples of how you might differentiate between a roof leak and a condensation problem in an attic.

A

Condensation is usually widespread & leavs usually are more localized

113
Q

What is the main function of a collar tie?

A

Tie rafters together

114
Q

What is the difference between a knee wall and a purlin?

A

Purlin run perpendicular under rafters, knee wall are posts from floor joists up to rafters

115
Q

What can cause sagging of the top plate on a knee wall?

A

rafters not lining up with studs below

116
Q

On a roof truss, what is the difference between a chord and a web?

A

chords from perimeter and web is in between top & bottom chord

117
Q

Why is it common to find sagging of roof sheathing on trusses?

A

not thick enough

118
Q

Why might a drywall ceiling sag below trusses?

A

24” center are used with standard drywall

119
Q

There are many different kinds of trusses. List as many as you can.

A

king, queen, home, fan, special king, 2-2 mono, 3-2 mono, 4-3 mono

120
Q

Where are notches and holes commonly permitted in trusses?
a. webs
b. chords
c. neither

A

neither

121
Q

In both plank and panel roof sheathing, vertical joints should not run continuously up one rafter or one truss. Adjacent vertical joints should be staggered. Explain why.

A

strength

122
Q

Give 3 possible causes of sagging sheathes

A

rot, weight, loose

123
Q

What is FRT plywood & where was it commonly used?

A

fire retardent plywood, party walls?

ICA (26 decks)

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