iclicker

Question 1

In 2020, which of the following played the largest role with respect to access to health services in the US?

Answer 1

D. Family Income

Question 2

What document used to establish goals for US population health?

Answer 2

Healthy People 2030

Question 3

T/F: Population health looks for differences in health outcomes among groups of patients in the general population or a population subset

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Health promotion and wellness programs (nutrition, exercise, mediation) are most appropriate and useful to implement in which of the following groups of patients on the care continuum?

Answer 4

No or low risk patient

Question 5

The easiest kind of data to acquire to use to identify population health issues is which of the following?

Answer 5

Claims data

Question 6

Most opioid-related overdoses in the US today are the result of which of the following?

Answer 6

Illegitimate Synthetic Opioids

Question 7

In 2020, the leading cause of mortality for children ages 1-19 in the US was which of the following?

Answer 7

firearms

Question 8

T/F: Life expectancy, maternal mortality, and infant mortality data in the US is superior to most other industrialized nations in the world

Answer 8

False

Question 9

When a pharmacist identifies that the dose of a medication is too high for a patient, this medication therapy problem would best fit into which of the following medication-related needs associated with the PPCP?

Answer 9

Safety

Question 10

Costs used in pharmacoeconomic studies from which of the following perspectives are the most comprehensive?

Answer 10

Society

Question 11

T/F: Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) is used to determine if the higher cost of one therapy or drug over another is worth the improvement in outcome associated with one treatment over another.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

T/F: Pharmacoepidemiology is best described as the study of drugs in populations rather than in individual patients

Answer 12

True

Question 13

T/F: Pharmacoepidemiologic studies are more likely to include types of patients not included in clinical trials

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Adverse or toxic effects from drugs that take a long time to develop are more likely to be observed during which of the following?

Answer 14

Post-marketing pharmacoepitrials

Question 15

Which of the following is more likely to have more granular data?

Answer 15

EMR data

Question 16

Comparing cancer patients treated at Goshen Hospital with cancer patients treated at IU Health Simon Cancer Center is an example of which of the following?

Answer 16

selection bias

Question 17

All of the following statements about pragmatic clinical trials are true EXCEPT:

A. Little selection of patient beyond indication
B. Control is usually the current standard of care
C. High external validity
D. Adherence is strictly enforced
E. Setting is usually in normal practice

Answer 17

D. Adherence is strictly enforced

Question 18

Which of the following is LEAST likely to identify how a drug or therapy will perform in real world settings

A. Randomized Controlled Trials
B. Comparative Effectiveness Research
C. Pragmatic Clinical Trials

Answer 18

A. Randomized Controlled Trials

Question 19

T/F: Pharmacovigilance studies are used to identify undetected ADRs or safety-related aspects of marketed drugs not observed in premarketing studies

Answer 19

True

Question 20

T/F: Epidemiology looks at the distribution, frequency, patterns, and determinants of disease or conditions

Answer 20

True

Question 21

COVID-19 infections are now considered?

Answer 21

Endemic

Question 22

The amount of time between initial contact and the onset of symptoms is:

Answer 22

Incubation period

Question 23

T/F: A propagated outbreak typically has multiple peaks of incidence over time

Answer 23

True

Question 24

The number of new cases of a disease that occur in a group over a defined time period is defined as?

Answer 24

Incidence

Question 25

The frequency of death in a define population during a specific period of time is defined as?

Answer 25

Mortality rate

Question 26

In the study discussed in class, patients using which of the concurrent therapies did NOT have a higher adjusted odds of mortality than those patients receiving short-acting opioids alone?

Answer 26

SSRI antidepressants

Question 27

T/F: The US spends significantly more money than other industrialized countries on healthcare but achieves poorer outcomes

Answer 27

True

Question 28

T/F: Retail prescription drugs constitute the largest share (as a percentage) of all categories associated with national health expenditures in the US.

Answer 28

False

Question 29

T/F: In the US, the current life expectancy at birth is consistent among all racial and ethnic groups (within 1-2% points)

Answer 29

F

Question 30

T/F: Individuals > 50 years of age consume the largest share (~50%) of health care spending in the US

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a strength of the US healthcare system? A. Modern and well-equipped healthcare facilities B. Exceptionally trained healthcare professionals C. Choice in providers D. Costs consistent with the costs of other goods and services E. New technologies and therapeutic entities

Answer 31

D. Costs consistent with the costs of other goods and services

Question 32

Which of the following factors currently accounts for the largest number of preventable deaths in the US?

Answer 32

Drug overdoses

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT one of the major identity discourses identified in the discussion paper by Keeler, et al? A. Dispenser B. Apothecary C. Health care provider D. Druggist E. Merchandiser

Answer 33

Druggist

Question 34

The primary model in the US for providing healthcare is which of the following?

Answer 34

Being employed with benefits

Question 35

Which of the following costs associated with healthcare has been shifted to employees to a much greater extent during the past 10 years?

Answer 35

Deductible amounts

Question 36

T/F: It is judged that at least 20% of healthcare provided in the US is judged to be unnecessary.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

T/F: According to the article by Kellar, et al. discussed in class, most pharmacy students struggled more than medical or nursing students to identify roles that made their profession distinct.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Based on the discussion in the article by Kellar, et al., in which of the following pharmacy environments, is the role of the pharmacist most likely to be identified as a healthcare provider?

Answer 38

Ambulatory care clinic

Question 39

When implemented in 1966, Medicare provided coverage for all but which one of the following? A. Ambulatory care in MD office B. Inpatient hospital care C. Inpatient prescription drugs D. Outpatient prescription drugs E. Limited nursing home care

Answer 39

D. Outpatient prescription drugs

Question 40

The Affordable Care Act expanded the eligibility of individuals to be covered by Medicaid and has been adopted in most states EXCEPT in which region of the US?

Answer 40

south

Question 41

T/F: The percentage of patients on Medicare that choose the managed care option (Medicare Advantage) has grown significantly over the past 10 years

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Insulin administered via an insulin pen is billed through which part of Medicare?

Answer 42

Part D

Question 43

The fastest growing segment of Medicare with respect to spending is which one of the following?

Answer 43

Part B (Physician/related services)

Question 44

Medicaid is administered (eligibility and extent of coverage) by which of the following?

Answer 44

State Government

Question 45

Which of the following groups of patients make up the largest percentage of patients enrolled in Medicaid in Indiana?

Answer 45

children

Question 46

T/F: Approximately 1 in 5 people in the State of Indiana receive Medicaid/CHIP benefits for healthcare

Answer 46

True

Question 47

T/F: Most adult patients receiving Medicaid benefits are currently NOT working.

Answer 47

False

Question 48

Which of the following is the fastest-growing sub-population with respect to race in the US?

Answer 48

Hispanice

Question 49

Which of the following has the highest rate for maternal mortality with respect to race in the US?

Answer 49

Black, non-hispanic

Question 50

T/F: When race is taken into account, there are no significant differences in death rates from diabetes in the US?

Answer 50

False

Question 51

Which of the following presidents was responsible for administrating programs that facilitated the desegregation of hospitals in the US?

Answer 51

Lyndon B Johnson

Question 52

Which of the following pieces of legislation provided the financial incentive for hospitals in the South to desegregate?

Answer 52

Medicare/Medicaid Act

Question 53

Until the COVID epidemic, the focus of Dr. Pastaki's practice and research was in which of the following countries?

Answer 53

Kenya

Question 54

Early on in the AIDS treatment effort in Africa, the initial focus was of which of the following segments of the population?

Answer 54

Mothers who were HIV positive

Question 55

Which of the following typically reimburses providers at the highest level for patient care services provided?

Answer 55

traditional insurance

Question 56

T/F: Adherence rates to HIV medications is higher in the US than in Africa

Answer 56

False

Question 57

T/F: Prior to prescribing physical activity for a patient, a pharmacist should determine the patient's readiness to change... much like smoking cessation

Answer 57

True

Question 58

T/F: Increased physical activity has minimal impact on symptoms and/or progression of chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis, T2DM, and dementia

Answer 58

False

Question 59

T/F: Routinely completing some types of household chores and activities can count towards meeting daily physical activity guidelines.

Answer 59

True

Question 60

Approximately what percentage of the US population meet current physical activity recommendations?

Answer 60

Less than 10%

Question 61

T/F: There is a 17-year difference in life expectancy between certain zip codes in the Indianapolis area.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

What is the impact of enhancing clinical care on overall health for most populations?

Answer 62

20%

Question 63

T/F: There is no difference in overall health status between high-income and low-income populations.

Answer 63

False

Question 64

Which of the following types of insurance plans is usually associated with the highest costs?

Answer 64

Conventional plan

Question 65

The major shift to managed care plans has been driven by which of the following?

Answer 65

control cost

Question 66

T/F: Health care expenditures in the US have increased dramatically since 1960 but have leveled off during the past 5 years.

Answer 66

True

Question 67

Drugs supplied via specialty pharmacies are most likely to be placed on which tier of a managed care drug plan?

Answer 67

Tier 4

Question 68

In which of the following managed care plans do the providers assume some risk?

Answer 68

ACO

Question 69

The current industry standard for sharing healthcare costs between employers and employees is now which of the following?

Answer 69

Employer 75% - Employee 25%

Question 70

T/F: Purdue employees have to meet their deductible each year before any preventative medical service or medication is covered.

Answer 70

False

Question 71

Which of the following is true about self-insured health plans? A. Usually offered by smaller employers B. The insurance company assumes the risk for health coverage C. Must comply with all state-mandated benefits D. Allows for more customization of plans

Answer 71

D. Allows for more customization of plans

Question 72

T/F: The facility or location where procedures are done or where labs are drawn and processed have minimal impact on costs for Purdue employees and the University.

Answer 72

False

Question 73

If an employee wants a consumer driven health insurance plan with the lowest possible premium, the plan will likely feature: A. Higher deductible B. Higher maximum out of pocket expenses C. Less choice of providers D. A and B E. B and C

Answer 73

D. A and B

Question 74

Mr. Musial began his pharmacy career at which of the following? A. CVS Pharmacy B. Osco Pharmacy C. Albertson's D. MD Wise E. Indiana Medicaid

Answer 74

Osco

Question 75

A large percentage of the pharmacists' time on Mr. Musial's team is spent doing which of the following? A. Generating analytic reports B. Processing PAs C. Formulary issues D. Providing clinical consults

Answer 75

B. Processing PAs

Question 76

T/F: IN Medicaid will cover semaglutide for a patient with sleep apnea but not for weight loss.

Answer 76

False

Question 77

T/F: In Indiana, the Preferred Drug List dictates which drugs are covered on the Medicaid formulary.

Answer 77

True

Question 78

T/F: The goal of the vast majority of PBMs is to make a profit for their shareholders.

Answer 78

True

Question 79

In 2023, the majority of PBM profits are associated with which of the following?

Answer 79

C. Speciality pharmacies they own

Question 80

T/F: Most formulary decisions are driven by clinical ramifications rather than the PBM's financial interest.

Answer 80

False

Question 81

T/F: The VA health care system is the largest managed care organization in the US.

Answer 81

True

Question 82

Most prescriptions in the VA system are processed in which of the following locations?

Answer 82

VA mail order facilities

Question 83

T/F: Outpatient care for VA patients is only available in clinics located at VA acute care sites, such as Roudebush VA Hospital in Indianapolis.

Answer 83

False

Question 83

Prior authorizations in the VA system are approved or denied by which of the following?

Answer 83

Pharmacist at a national call center

Question 84

T/F: Pharmacists in the primary and specialty care clinics at VA facilities, with appropriate credentialing, can prescribe and adjust medications as a mid-level practitioner.

Answer 84

True

Question 85

T/F: Specialty pharmacy medications currently account for >51% of the total pharmacy expenditure in the US.

Answer 85

True

Question 86

All of the following services are commonly provided by specialty pharmacies EXCEPT: A. Dispensing medications B. Assisting with reimbursement issues C. Negotiating prices with manufacturer D. Assure proper shipping and delivery E. Providing MTM and clinical services to patients

Answer 86

C. Negotiating prices with manufacturer

Question 87

T/F: Most specialty medications are associated with reimbursement challenges.

Answer 87

True

Question 88

Which of the following is the primary accrediting body for specialty pharmacies? A. NABP B. URAC C. FDA D. ASHP E. Individual State Boards of Pharmacy

Answer 88

B. URAC