pop health (up to studies)

Question 1

what is the reimbursement percentage of traditional insurance?

Answer 1

over 150%

Question 2

what is the reimbursement for PPOs?

Answer 2

135-150%

Question 3

what is the reimbursement for HMOs?

Answer 3

124%

Question 4

what is the reimbursement for medicaid?

Answer 4

100%

Question 5

what did the american rescue plan require the fed government to do?

Answer 5

requires federal government to negotiate prices for some drugs to be covered by medicare part B and D with highest total spending, starting in 2026

Question 6

what did the american rescue plan require drug companies to do?

Answer 6

pay rebates to medicare if prices rise faster than inflation for drugs used by medicare beneficiaries

Question 7

what other things did the american rescue plan do?

Answer 7

cap out of pocket spending part d enrollees
limit monthly insulin cost sharing to $35/mo for people with medicare
eliminate cost sharing for adult vaccines covered under part d

Question 8

what is epidemiology?

Answer 8

study of distribution and determinants of health related events in a population and the application of this information to control of health problems

Question 9

what is distribution?

Answer 9

focused on the frequency and patterns of health events in a population

Question 10

what is frequency?

Answer 10

number of events
rate or risk of a disease (relationship of number of events to size of population)

Question 11

what is epidemic period?

Answer 11

time course of a disease outbreak or epidemic

Question 12

what is an endemic?

Answer 12

baseline levels of disease typically found in a community for a disease that is habitually present in that community
expected level of disease over time

Question 13

what is hyperendemic?

Answer 13

persistent, high levels of disease

Question 14

what is sporadic?

Answer 14

a disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly

Question 15

what is an epidemic?

Answer 15

increase (potentially sudden) in number of cases of disease above what is expected in that population

Question 16

what is a pandemic?

Answer 16

global epidemic

Question 17

what is a common source outbreak?

Answer 17

exposure originates from same source

Question 18

what is propagated outbreak?

Answer 18

results from transmission from one person to another
typical of community-wide outbreaks
can be vector borne or direct
create multiple peaks
usually wanes after a few generations

Question 19

what is an incubation period?

Answer 19

amount of time between initial contact with the agent and the onset of disease

Question 20

what is the generation period?

Answer 20

amount of time between peaks in a spread (estimate of incubation period)

Question 21

what is mixed epidemic?

Answer 21

common-source outbreak followed by propagated (person-to-person) spread

Question 22

what is serial interval?

Answer 22

time interval between an individual becoming infected and infecting others
interval between clinical onset of disease

Question 23

what is incidence?

Answer 23

number of new cases of a disease that occur in a group over a defined time period
number of new cases over a time period/total population at risk during the same time period
report cases in cases per person years

Question 24

what is prevalence?

Answer 24

proportion of people who have a disease at a specified time or over a specified period of time
number of total existing cases in a population at some designated times
all new and pre-existing cases during/at a time period/population during or at that time period
can be measured by number, percentage, or by unit size of population

Question 25

what is attack rate?

Answer 25

alternate form of incidence rate in outbreak settings short times usually measures of risk ill / (ill + well) number of new cases / total population

Question 26

what is the secondary attack rate?

Answer 26

rate of disease in a group among those exposed to an initial case measure of contagiousness number of new cases / number of exposed susceptible individuals

Question 27

what is a basic reproductive number (RO)?

Answer 27

the average number of secondary cases that develop from a single case < 1 -> disease dying out > 1 --> likelihood of spread

Question 28

what is mortality rate?

Answer 28

frequency of death in a defined population during a specified period deaths occurring during a time period / (size of population among which death occurred x 10^n) denominators can vary

Question 29

what is case fatality rate?

Answer 29

the proportion of people with a given disease who die from the disease within a specified time period measure is an indicator of the seriousness of the disease and the prognosis for those with the disease proportion, not ture rate

Question 30

what is a risk ratio?

Answer 30

risk of disease in group of interest/risk of disease in comparator (exposed/total) / (unexposed/total)

Question 31

what is the rate ratio?

Answer 31

compares incidence rates between 2 group over their respective person-years of disease free follow up (per 100, 000 person years) may include person-time rate for group A/rate for group B

Question 32

what is odds ratio?

Answer 32

risk ratio for case control studies odds of an exposed person being a case/odds of an unexposed person being a case

Question 33

what is pharmacoepidemiology?

Answer 33

study of the use, risk, and benefits of drugs in populations

Question 34

what is pharmacovigilance?

Answer 34

continual monitoring for unwanted effects and other safety-related aspects of marketed drugs

Question 35

what is comparative effectiveness research?

Answer 35

determining what therapeutic intervention (not just drug products) works best for a given disorder in pts likely to be seen in clinical practice

Question 36

what are other characteristics of comparative effectiveness research?

Answer 36

real world setting for trial compare 2 or more therapies pt centered multiple study designs: active treatment arm RCTs, observational studies, etc overcomes external validity problems with traditional RCTs put new tx into proper perspective in relation to older tx

Question 37

what does pragmatic research study?

Answer 37

studies (often using randomization) that often test small practical changes that could have an impact on health outcomes

Question 38

what are characteristics of pragmatic research?

Answer 38

hybrid between RCT and routine care randomized observational design increased external validity little patient selection