pop health (up to econ)

Question 1

what is the definition of population health?

Answer 1

the health outcomes of a group of individuals including the distribution of such outcomes within the group

Question 2

what is the care continuum based on risk?

Answer 2

no or low risk – health promotion, wellness
moderate – health risk management, care coordination/advocacy
high – disease/case management

Question 3

what is surrounding each patient on the care continuum?

Answer 3

organizational interventions (culture/environment
tailed interventions
community resources

Question 4

what is the difference between pop and public health?

Answer 4

public health – strategies to understand and improve overall health of society
pop health – distribution of healht outcomes

Question 5

what does the public health department do?

Answer 5

prevent epidemics
contain environmental hazards
encourage healthy behaviors

Question 6

who sets population health goals?

Answer 6

healthy people 2030

Question 7

what is the source of potential conflict in population health?

Answer 7

self interest of the individual vs the common good

Question 8

what are the characteristics of claims data?

Answer 8

easy to obtain, standardized, diagnosis codes

Question 9

what are the benefits of EHR data?

Answer 9

provides clinic cues
ease of grouping of pts

Question 10

what is the group with the highest life expectancy at birth in the US?

Answer 10

non-hispanic asian

Question 11

what is the group with the lowest life expectancy at birth?

Answer 11

non-hispanic American indian or alaska native

Question 12

what is the #1 cause of death in the US?

Answer 12

heart disease

Question 13

what is the #1 cause of death of children in the US?

Answer 13

firearms

Question 14

whose job is it to look at overall health improvement?

Answer 14

nobody

Question 15

what are the three key factors of pharmacoeconimics?

Answer 15

1. description and analysis of the costs and consequences of pharmaceuticals and related services
2. process of identifying, measuring, and comparing the costs, risks, and benefits of programs, services, or therapies
3. determining the outcomes from the perspective of pts, the health care system, or society

Question 16

what are direct medical costs?

Answer 16

medical costs for providing treatment

Question 17

what are examples of direct medical costs?

Answer 17

cost of medication
physician visits
hospitalization
pharmacist time
nurses time

Question 18

what are direct non-medical costs?

Answer 18

costs to pts/family directly associated with treatment but not medical in nature

Question 19

what are examples of direct non-medical costs?

Answer 19

cost of transportation to clinic
babysitter
food/lodging if out of town

Question 20

what are indirect costs?

Answer 20

costs that result from loss of productivity because of illness or death
do not involve transfer of money

Question 21

what are examples of indirect costs?

Answer 21

missed work or school days
decreased productivity

Question 22

what are intangible costs?

Answer 22

costs of pain, suffering, anxiety, or fatigue due to an illness or treatment of an illness
difficult to measure and assign value

Question 23

what is the most comprehensive pharmacoeconomic perspective?

Answer 23

society (includes all indirect and direct costs of all perspectives combined)

Question 24

what is the cost minimization analysis?

Answer 24

used to compare costs of interventions with equivalent clinical outcomes
ex. generic vs brand name

Question 25

how would you find the total cost in cost minimization analysis?

Answer 25

cost of drug + cost of preparation + cost of administration

Question 26

what is the outcome measurement unit of CMA?

Answer 26

not measured assumably equivalent

Question 27

what are the pros/cons of CMA?

Answer 27

pro: simple, no outcome assessment cons: only useful when equal outcomes

Question 28

what is a cost benefit analysis?

Answer 28

measures costs of interventions and outcomes in monetary units determines which intervention provides the best monetary benefit can be used to compare different drugs or services for different outcomes must assign monetary outcome to clinical endpoints

Question 29

what is the outcome measure unit of CBA?

Answer 29

money

Question 30

what are the pros/cons of CBA?

Answer 30

pros: allows comparison of interventions with different outcomes cons: requires assigning monetary value to pain

Question 31

what is a cost-effectiveness analysis?

Answer 31

measures outcomes in natural health units determines which intervention achieves a given objective at the lowest cost typically used to compare different interventions using the same measure outcome uses ICER

Question 32

what analysis style is most common?

Answer 32

CEA

Question 33

what are examples of what CEA measures?

Answer 33

infections cured lives saved number of years save

Question 34

what are the pros/cons of CEA?

Answer 34

pros: understandable outcome units, no need to convert the dollar amount cons: outcomes must be measured in the same units, length of live (survival) is not the same as quality of life

Question 35

what is the cost utility analysis?

Answer 35

measures outcomes in terms of the quality of the outcome produced examines the cost of an intervention and the value of the outcome value = cost+ quality

Question 36

what is the recommended value-based price in CUA?

Answer 36

100,000 - 150,000 per QALY threshold for recommending value-based price in the US

Question 37

what are the pros/cons of CUA?

Answer 37

pros: accounts for both quantity and quality of outcome cons: not a precise measure, viewpoint may bias outcome measures

Question 38

what is CUA measured in?

Answer 38

referred to as utility units (most commonly quality-adjusted life years) also uses ICER

Question 39

what is ICER?

Answer 39

incremental cost effectiveness ratio (Drug A cost - Drug B cost) / (Outcome of drug A - Outcome of Drug B)

Question 40

what is the CUA utility score?

Answer 40

based on average patient trade-off for years of life to live the rest of life disease-free subjective measure

Question 41

what is an example of a CUA utility score?

Answer 41

moderate angina is 0.83 willing to trade off 17 years of life to live the rest of their lives disease free