ICM Flashcards
List causes of Microcytic anaemia
Iron deficiency anaemia (most common); Thalassaemia; Sideroblastic (rare), aneamia of chronic disease (may be normocytic)
List causes of Normocytic anaemia
Pregnancy; Acute blood loss; Haemolysis (can be macro); Hypothyroidism (can be macro); Bone marrow failure; Renal failure; Chronic disease
List causes of Macrocytic anaemia
B12 or folate deficiency; Myelodysplastic sydromes; Alcohol excess; Reticulocytosis; Cytotoxic drugs (e.g. chemo, hydrocarbamide); Marrow infiltration; Antifolate drugs; Hypothyroidism
Interpret these ABG resultspH: 7.29 (7.35-7.45) PaCO2: 25 mmHg (35-45 mmHg)HCO3-: 12 mEq/L (22-26 mEq/L)
Metabolic acidosis with partial respiratory alkalotic compensation
Interpret these ABG resultspH: 7.45 (7.35-7.45) PaCO2: 63 mmHg (35-45 mmHg)HCO3-: 30 mEq/L (22-26 mEq/L)
Metabolic alkalosis will full respiratory compensation
Interpret these ABG resultspH: 7.21 (7.35-7.45) PaCO2: 56 mmHg (35-45 mmHg)HCO3-: 22 mEq/L (22-26 mEq/L)
Respiratory acidosis without compensation
Interpret these ABG resultspH: 7.35 (7.35-7.45) PaCO2: 41 mmHg (35-45 mmHg)HCO3-: 22 mEq/L (22-26 mEq/L)
Normal ABG
Interpret these ABG resultspH: 7.52 (7.35-7.45) PaCO2: 16 mmHg (35-45 mmHg)HCO3-: 13 mEq/L (22-26 mEq/L)
Respiratory alkalosis with partial metabolic acidotic compensation
Interpret these ABG resultspH: 7.22 (7.35-7.45) PaCO2: 58 mmHg (35-45 mmHg)HCO3-: 23 mEq/L (22-26 mEq/L)
uncompensated respiratory acidosis
What is a melanocytic naevus?
A mole. Made from a collection of melanocytes - dark pigmentation which gives them their colour.
What features distinguish a malignant melanoma from a mole (melanocytic naevus)?
Asymmetrical irregular border and colour with increasing size
What are the features of a BCC?
Pearly lesion
Central ulceration on with rolled edges
Telengectasia (dilated spidery venules) (Bleed > ulcerate > heal again)
Almost never mets, commonest skin cancer, sunlight exposure
What are the characteristics of a Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Rapidly expanding Painless (though often looks painful!) Ulcerated nodule, rolled margin Commonly ulcerate and bleed Potential to metastasize!
What does psoriasis look like?
Scaly, thickened, red patches with silvery-white accumulations Frequently appear around elbows and knees
What does erythema multiforme look like?
Target lesions typically on arms and hands but anywhereHeals in 3 weeks
What causes erythema multiforme?
Barbiturates, aspirin, sulphonamides, herpes simplex, TB, mycoplasma, typhoid, pregnancy, Vit C def, collagen vascular disease, IBD
What features may help you diagnose a shingles rash?
Unilateral
Follows dermatome
Pustular
How do you treat shingles and what causes it?
Caused by varicella zoster
Treated with aciclovir (800mg five times a day for 7 days)
How do you diagnose a neck swelling as a thyroglossal cyst?
By asking the patient to stick their tongue out. If it is it will move up with the tongue.
When would surgical resection be indicated for a thyroglossal cyst?
Dyspnoea Dysphagia Cyst infection To prevent malignant change Cosmesis
How does the appearance of ringworm differ to erythema multiforme?
The lesions are not target-like although they are circular, tend to have a wider inner radius than EM and often isolated lesions rather than clusters of lesions
How would you treat ringworm?
Topical anti fungal therapy Oral terbenfaine/itraconazole
What does erythema nodosum look like?
Red bruise-like patches on the skin
What is Erythema Nodosum and what causes it?
Reactive process of unknown pathogenesisStrept infectin, sarcoidosis, pregnancy, oral contraceptive pill, IBD, TB(In 50% of cases no cause identified)Do bloods and CXR
