Ielts-4 Flashcards
(99 cards)
scald
n. burn caused by boiling liquid or steam
v. burn with hot liquid or steam; treat with or cover with boiling liquid or steam; heat to a temperature just below the boiling point
scald1 /skɔːld US skɔːld/ v [T]
[Date: 1100-1200; Language: Old North French; Origin: escalder, from Late Latin excaldare ‘to wash in warm water’, from Latin calidus ‘warm’]
to burn your skin with hot liquid or steam
Don’t scald yourself with that kettle! scald 2
scald2 n [C]
a burn on your skin caused by hot liquid or steam
باآب گرم سوزاندن ، آب جوش ریختن روی، تاول زده کردن ، تاول، اثر آب جوش بر رویپوست، سوختگی، آب پز کردن .
n. yanık, haşlanarak yanan yara, İskandinav halk ozanı, ozan
v. haşlamak, kaynatmak, kaynar su dökmek, sıcak su ile yakmak
n. échaudure; brûlure causée par un liquide bouillant
v. ébouillanter, échauder, chauffer
wee
wee1 /wiː/ adj [usually before noun]
[Date: 1400-1500; Origin: wee ‘small amount, short time’ (13-20 centuries), from Old English wAge ‘weight’]
informal very small - used especially in Scottish English
My wee boy is three.
a wee bit informal
to a small degree
She looked a wee bit confused.
the wee (small) hours
AmE the early hours of the morning, just after 12 o’clock at night
British Equivalent: the small hours
The party continued into the wee small hours. wee 2
wee2 v [I]
[Date: 1900-2000; Origin: Probably from the sound of urinating]
BrE spoken to pass water from your body - used by or to children
= urinate
>wee n [singular]
Do you want a wee?
(اسکاتلند) کوچولو، ریز، یکی کمی، اندکی، لحظه ای.
v. çiş yapmak wee 2 [wɪː]
n. çiş
adj. minicik, minnacık, ufacık, mini mini
n. faible quantité, petite quantité; courte période de temps (Ecossais)
adj. minuscule, très petit; réduit
bagel
ba·gel /ˈbeɪgəl/ n [C]
[Date: 1900-2000; Language: Yiddish; Origin: beygel, from Old High German boug ‘ring’]
a small ring-shaped type of bread
نان شیرینی حلقوی
n. simit
n. baguel, bagel, petit pain en forme d’anneau; brioche, croissant
fellow
n. guy, chap; man or boy; friend, buddy; suitor; spouse; colleague; member of an academic organization
adj. having membership in, belonging to (a group, academic organization, etc.); of the same type
fel·low1 /ˈfeləu US -lou/ n [C]
[Language: Old English; Origin: feolaga ‘partner’]
old-fashioned a man
Paul’s an easy-going sort of fellow.
sb’s fellows
BrE old-fashioned people that you work with, study with, or who are in the same situation as you
Wooderson’s courage earned him the respect of his fellows.
AmE a graduate student who has a fellowship in a university
especially BrE a member of an important society or a college
She is a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.
→ bedfellow fellow 2
fellow2 W3 adj
fellow workers/students/countrymen etc
people that you work with, study with, or who are in the same situation as you
our fellow man/men
other people in general
We all have obligations to our fellow men.
مرد، شخص، آدم، مردکه ، یارو.
n. arkadaş, kardeş, yoldaş, dost, ahbap, akran, adam, herif, sevgili, koca, eş, tek, akademi üyesi
adj. eş, aynı tür, ortak
n. gars, type; copain; ami; camarade; compagnon; petit ami; collègue; membre de l’université.
adj. membre de; de même nature que
e: there are food thieves among your fellow students
watchman
watch·man /ˈwɔtʃmən US ˈwɑːtʃ-, ˈwɔːtʃ-/ n plural watchmen /-mən/ [C]
old-fashioned someone whose job is to guard a place
= security guard
→ night watchman
مواظب، نگهبان ، پاسدار، مراقب.
n. bekçi, gözcü, nöbetçi
n. gardien; sentinelle
Lager
n. lager beer, type of beer which is made using a small amount of hops and is aged from six weeks to six months
a·ger
S3 /ˈlɑːgə US -ər/ n BrE
[Date: 1800-1900; Language: German; Origin: lagerbier ‘beer made to be stored’, from lager ‘storehouse’ + bier ‘beer’]
[U and C]
a light-coloured beer, or a glass of this type of beer
can/bottle/glass etc of lager
a pint of lager
آبجو دیر رس، آبجو نارس، آبجو کم الکل.
n. alman birası
n. bière blonde
upscale
adj. luxurious, elegant, expensive; related to the upper classes, of the wealthy classes
up·scale /ˈʌpskeɪl/ adj AmE
relating to people from a high social class who have a lot of money
British Equivalent: upmarket
an affluent upscale audience
thrifty
thrift·y /ˈθrɪfti/ adj using money carefully and wisely hardworking, thrifty people >thriftily adv >thriftiness n [U] خانه دار، صرفه جو، مقتصد. z. idareyle. thriftiness i. idarelilik. adj. parcimonieux, économique; florissant
tribute
tribute [trib·ute || ‘trɪbjuːt]
n. tax, levy; gift, offering, compliment
trib·ute /ˈtrɪbjuːt/ n [U and C]
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Latin; Origin: tributum, from tribuere ‘to give out to the tribes, pay’, from tribus; TRIBE]
something that you say, do, or give in order to express your respect or admiration for someone
The players wore black armbands as a tribute to their late teammate.
I’d like to pay tribute to (=praise and admire publicly) the party workers for all their hard work.
be a tribute to sb/sth
to be a clear sign of the good qualities that someone or something has
It was a tribute to her teaching methods that so many children passed the test.
a payment of goods or money by one ruler or country to another more powerful one, especially in order to be protected
floral tribute
BrE flowers sent to a funeral
باج، خراج، احترام، ستایش، تکریم.
n. devletin devlete barış için ödediği para, haraç, hürmet, takdir, övgü, işçinin payına düşen maden
n. tribut, hommage, cadeau; taxe
badger
bad·ger1 /ˈbædʒə US -ər/ n [C]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Probably from badge; because of the white marks on its head]
an animal which has black and white fur, lives in holes in the ground, and is active at night badger 2
badger2 v [T]
to try to persuade someone by asking them something several times
= pester
She badgered me for weeks until I finally gave in.
badger sb to do sth
My friends keep badgering me to get a cell phone.
badger sb into doing sth
I had to badger the kids into doing their homework.
(.n): دستفروش، دوره گرد، خرده فروش، (ج. ش) گورکن ، خرسک ، شغاره (mustelidae)، (.vt): سربسر گذاشتن ، اذیت کردن ، آزار کردن .
n. porsuk
v. kızdırmak, gücendirmek, rahatsız etmek, rahat vermemek, başının etini yemek (Argo); yakasını bırakmamak
n. blaireau; fourrure de blaireau
v. importuner, harceler; ennuyer, tourmenter
jackal
jack·al /ˈdʒækɔːl, -kəl US -kəl/ n [C]
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: Turkish; Origin: çakal, from Persian shagal, from Sanskrit srgala]
a wild animal like a dog that lives in Asia and Africa and eats the remaining parts of dead animals
(ج. ش) شغال، توره ، جان کنی مفت.
n. çakal
n. chacal; charlatan; être infâme; qui fait un travail méprisable
sprocket
دندانه ئ زنجیری.( مک . ) دنده چرخ زنجیرخور، چرخ دنده زنجیر .
n. zincir dişlisi, zincir dişlisi çarkı, film şeridi dişlisi
n. pignon; pignon à chaîne
epilepsy
ep·i·lep·sy /ˈepɪlepsi/ n [U]
[Date: 1500-1600; Language: French; Origin: épilepsie, from Greek epilepsia, from epilambanein ‘to seize’]
a medical condition affecting your brain, that can make you suddenly become unconscious or unable to control your movements for a short time
طب) بیماری صرع، غشی، حمله ، بیهوشی، غش.
n. sara, epilepsi
n. épilepsie
uphill and downhill
useful words
e:can put it on a higher gear for downhill, and a lower gear for uphill travel to make it easier
outskirt
n. peripheral region, environ, suburb
دور از مرکز، حاشیه ، مرز، حوالی، حومه .
n. périphérie, environ, alentours
intrinsic
adj. inherent, innate, essential, fundamental, natural
in·trin·sic /ɪnˈtrɪnsɪk, -zɪk/ adj
[Date: 1400-1500; Language: French; Origin: intrinsèque, from Late Latin intrinsecus]
being part of the nature or character of someone or something
the intrinsic interest of the subject
intrinsic nature/quality/value/property of sth
There is nothing in the intrinsic nature of the work that makes it more suitable for women.
intrinsic to
Flexibility is intrinsic to creative management.
>intrinsically /-kli/ adv
Science is seen as intrinsically good.
ذاتی، اصلی، باطنی، طبیعی، ذهنی، روحی، حقیقی، مرتب، شایسته .فطری، باطنی.
adj. esas, asıl, gerçek
adj. intrinsèque; essentiel; intérieur; fondamental; naturel; inné
salivate
v. produce saliva, secrete saliva into the mouth (esp. in excessive quantities)
sal·i·vate /ˈsælɪveɪt/ v [I]
to produce more saliva in your mouth than usual, especially because you see or smell food
to look at or show interest in something or someone in a way that shows you like or want them very much - used to show disapproval
salivate at/over
The media are salivating over the story.
>salivation /ˌsælɪˈveɪʃən/ n [U]
بزاق ترشح کردن ، بزاق ایجاد کردن ، خدو آوردن .
v. tükürük salgılamak, salya akıtmak
v. saliver, produire de la salive, secréter de la salive
naive
adj. lacking worldly wisdom, unsuspecting, gullible; childish, innocent, simple, unsophisticated
na·ive /naɪˈiːv/ adj
[Date: 1600-1700; Language: French; Origin: naïve, feminine of naïf, from Latin nativus; NATIVE1]
not having much experience of how complicated life is, so that you trust people too much and believe that good things will always happen
→innocent
a naive young girl
Jim can be so naive sometimes.
it is naive to think/suppose/assume etc
It would be naive to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.
>naively adv
I had naively imagined that he was in love with me.
>naivety /naɪˈiːvəti/ also naiveté /naɪˈiːvəteɪ/
n [U]
dangerous political naivety
naif) ساده و بی تکلف، بیریا، ساده ، بی تجربه ، خام.
adj. saf, bön, toy
adj. naïf, innocent; enfantin, ingénu, enfantin, simple
sober
v. cause to become serious; cause to become realistic; become sober, recover from the influence of alcohol
adj. not drunk, clear-headed, lucid; rational, level-headed; calm, composed; serious
so·ber1 /ˈsəubə US ˈsoubər/ adj
[Date: 1300-1400; Language: Old French; Origin: sobre, from Latin sobrius]
not drunk
He’s a nice guy when he’s sober.
serious, and thinking or making you think carefully about things
a sober, hard-working young man
a sober reminder of the difficulties we face
plain and not at all brightly coloured
a sober grey suit
>soberly adv sober 2
sober2 also sober down v [I and T]
to become more serious in behaviour or attitude, or to make someone become more serious
His expression sobered instantly.
sober up phr v
to gradually become less drunk, or to make someone become less drunk
I had sobered up by now and felt terrible.
sober sb⇔ up
Some coffee should sober you up.
هوشیار، بهوش، عاقل، میانه رو، معتدل، متین ، سنگین ، موقر، آدم هشیار( دربرابرمست )، هوشیار بودن ، بهوش آوردن ، از مستی درآوردن .
v. ayıltmak, aklını başına getirmek
adj. ölçülü, aşırıya kaçmayan, makul, akla yatkın, sade, mat, gösterişsiz, ciddi, ağırbaşlı, içkide aşırıya kaçmayan
v. retrouver sa lucidité; dessoûler, cuver son vin
adj. sobre, modéré, tempéré; calme, posé, grave; retenu; qui n’a pas bu
e; sober climate scientist
peruse
v. read attentively, study attentively
pe·ruse /pəˈruːz/ v [T]
[Date: 1500-1600; Origin: Probably from Latin per- ‘thoroughly’ + English use]
formal to read something, especially in a careful way
She leant forward to peruse the document more closely.
>perusal n [U and C]
بررسی کردن ، بدقت خواندن .
v. dikkatle okumak, okumak, incelemek, değerlendirmek
v. lire attentivement
bash
n. forceful blow or strike; lively party
v. punch, hit, strike
bash1 /bæʃ/ v
[Date: 1600-1700; Origin: Probably from the sound of hitting]
[I always + adverb/preposition, T]
to hit someone or something hard, in a way that causes pain or damage
Someone bashed him on the back of his head.
Police bashed down the door to get in.
bash sth on/against sth
He bashed his head on the back of the seat.
bash into
I accidentally bashed into a woman pushing a pram.
[T]
to criticize someone or something very strongly
He was always bashing the trade unions.
>-basher n [C]
union-bashers
bash on phr v
to continue working in order to finish something
Well, I’d better bash on.
bash out [bash sth⇔out] phr v
to produce something quickly or in great quantities but without much care or thought
I bashed out replies as fast as I could.
bash up [bash sb⇔up] phr v
to seriously hurt someone by attacking them violently bash 2
bash2 n [C]
informal a hard strong hit
= bang bash on
a bash on the head
informal a party or an event to celebrate something
a birthday bash
have a bash (at sth)
BrE spoken to try to do something, especially when you are not sure that you will succeed
Why not have a bash at windsurfing?
برهم زدن ، ترساندن ، دست پاچه نمودن ، شرمنده شدن ، ترسیدن ، خجلت.
n. darbe, sert vuruş; deneme; eğlence, parti, cümbüş
v. sertçe vurmak, çarpmak; indirmek, geçirmek
n. coup, coup de poing
v. frapper; cogner
pram
n. (British) wheeled carriage for babies, stroller, perambulator
pram
S3 /præm/ n [C]
BrE a small vehicle with four wheels in which a baby can lie down while it is being pushed
American Equivalent: baby carriage
→buggy
a young woman pushing a pram
کالسکه بچه .
n. çocuk arabası [brit.], norveç balıkçı teknesi
n. landau
choke
n. act of choking; throttle (in a car)
v. strangle, block the windpipe; be strangled; block, obstruct; fill full
choke1 /tʃəuk US tʃouk/ v
[Date: 1300-1400; Origin: achoke ‘to choke’ (11-14 centuries), from Old English aceocian]
[I]
to be unable to breathe properly because something is in your throat or there is not enough air
choke on
He choked on a piece of bread.
Six people choked to death on the fumes.
[T]
if something chokes you, it makes you unable to breathe properly
I felt as if there was a weight on my chest, choking me.
The smoke was choking me.
[T]
to prevent someone from breathing by putting your hands around their throat and pressing on it
His hands were round her throat, choking her.
[I and T]
to be unable to talk clearly because you are feeling a strong emotion
choke with
He was choking with rage.
I was too choked with emotion to speak.
Her voice was choked with rage.
[T] also choke sth⇔out
to say something with difficulty because you are very upset or angry
’Get out,’ she choked.
[ T] also choke sth⇔up
to fill a place so that things cannot move through it
Weeds were choking the stream.
be choked (up) with sth
The gutters were choked up with leaves.
[I] informal
to fail at doing something, especially a sport, because there is a lot of pressure on you
People said I choked, but I just had a bad day on the golf course.
[T]
if one plant chokes another, it kills it by growing all around it and taking away its light and room to grow
Weeds can quickly choke delicate garden plants.
choke a horse
AmE spoken if you say that something is big enough to choke a horse, you are emphasizing that it is very big
a wad of bills big enough to choke a horse
choke back [choke sth⇔back] phr v
to control your anger, sadness etc so that you do not show it
He choked back tears as he described what had happened.
She choked back a sob.
I choked back my anger.
choke off [choke off sth] phr v
to prevent something from happening
It is feared that higher interest rates might choke off economic recovery.
choke out [choke sth⇔out] phr v
to say something with difficulty because you are very upset or angry
His heart hammered as he choked out the words.
’No!’ she choked out.
choke up phr v
choke sth⇔up
to fill a place so that things cannot move through it
be choked up with sth
The stream was choked up with weeds.
choke sb up
to make someone feel very upset and unable to talk
This song really chokes me up.
I was really choked up when I saw her again. choke 2
choke2 n [C]
a piece of equipment in a vehicle that controls the amount of air going into the engine, and that is used to help the engine start
the sound that someone makes when they cannot breathe properly because something is in their throat or there is not enough air
She gave a little choke of laughter.
خفه کردن ، بستن ، مسدود کردن ، انسداد، اختناق، دریچه ، ساسات ( ماشین ).
n. boğma, nefesini kesme, jigle, boğumlu tüfek namlusu, kısma bobini
v. boğulmak, boğarak öldürmek; tıkanmak, ölmek, boğmak, tıkamak, nefesini kesmek; baskılamak, bastırmak, tutmak, kısmak
n. strangulation; starter (automobile)
v. étrangler; boucher; suffoquer
strangle
v. choke to death, throttle by compressing the windpipe and preventing the intake of air, asphyxiate; stifle, suppress
stran·gle /ˈstræŋgəl/ v [T]
[Date: 1200-1300; Language: Old French; Origin: estrangler, from Latin strangulare; STRANGULATION]
to kill someone by pressing their throat with your hands, a rope etc
→choke strangle with
The victim had been strangled with a belt.
to limit or prevent the growth or development of something
Mills argues that high taxation strangles the economy.
>strangler n [C]
گلوی کسی را فشردن ، خفه کردن .
v. boğmak, boğarak öldürmek, gelişimini engellemek, bastırmak, boğazlamak, tutmak
v. étrangler
