II - Chapter 4/5 Flashcards
percentage of immigrants in canada of total population (2006)
20%, 23% by 2017
over ___% of minority-culture clients terminate after 1 session, compared with __% of majority-culture clients
50% of minority-culture, 30% of majority-culture-ethnic minorities under-utilize counselling services
culture
-group that identifies or associates with each other based on some common purpose, need or background-shares beliefs, values or learned experiences (language or customs)
multicultural counselling
counselling “in which the counselor and client differ”there is no real definition of multiculturalism, so it’s this-so all counselling rls are multicultural exchanges
etic vs emic counselling perspectives
etic.universal qualities exist in counselling that are culturally generalizable, sameness.Criticism: Does not take into account cultural differences.to remember: only one letter different in etic and emic, the t, t stands for transcultural, across cultures!emic.counselling approaches must be designed to be culturally specific, differentness.Criticism: Relies too heavily on specific techniques
culturally encapsulate counsellor
“one who disregards cultural differences and works under the mistaken assumption that theories and techniques are equally applicable to all people”-ignores impacts of culture, sees therapy techniques as always cross-cultural, that they don’t affect therapy different for diff cultures
predominant beliefs of european/north american cultural values
-the individual-action oriented approach to problem solving-work ethic-scientific method-emphasis on rigid time schedules
In 2012, Canada was the 2nd highest receiving country of refugees with over __kIn 2012, Canada accepted over ___k immigrants
24k refugees255k immigrants
between 2006 and 2011, the largest share, 56.9% or about 661,600 individuals, came from ____ (including the ______ ____)
Asia, including the Middle East!
In 2011, __._% of Canada’s population was made up of immigrants with most living in urban centres
20.6%of people were born outside canada!
It is estimated that by 2030, ___________ will Canada’s only source of population growth
immigration!
elements of culture: ethnographic variables, demographic variables, status variables
Ethnographic variables: Ethnicity, nationality, religion, languageDemographic variables: Age, gender, place of residence, raceStatus variable: SES, education, other memberships PROF thinks these are ALL demographic variables
CPA states about multiculturalism:
-No practitioner or researcher shall partake in discriminatory practices-Need for the respect for diversity-Doesn’t specifically address MULTICULTURALISM, but a respect for diversity
Fischer et al., (proposed) 4 conditions common to any type of counselling treatment:
- Therapeutic relationship2. Shared worldview between client and counsellor3. Client expectations for positive change4. Interventions believed by both client and counsellor to a means of healingprof not sure about assumption that shared worldviews are better. maybe easier, but not necessary (#2 not supported by research)
3 forces in the development of canadian society, & when was first canadian multiculturalism policy? what did canada call itself?
Aboriginal people (~28,000 BC)“Charter groups” French, English (1600s)Racial & ethnic minorities (1900s)1st Canadian multiculturalism policy – 1971called ourselves a “Cultural Mosaic”
Acculturation & Acculturative stress
Changes that occur when members of one culture come into contact with another culture , give up old ways and adopt new onesacculturative stress: the stress that can result! often results in mental/physical maladaptation.difficult! trying to balance contrasts of 2 diff cultures, pulled between two places
Two questions/decisions made by cultural minorities in pluralistic societies
How much of their cultural heritage will they retain or give up?How much interaction with other cultural groups do they want?
the 4 ways cultural minorities acculturateby force?
Assimilation – give up & interact.give up cultural background and have hi contact.americanSeparation – retain & avoid.moving to little italy and not moving out of there!Marginalization – give up & avoid.giving up and avoiding the dominant cultureIntegration – retain & interact.this is the ideal for canada cultural mosaicsometimes these are forced! assimilation and marginalization, or segregation
what was the hottest topic in the counselling profession in late 1980s?
multicultural counselling!-considered the “fourth force” following psychoanalysis, behaviourism, humanistic (rogers)
shifts in focus of the counselling rl, starting in 1950s
1950s - emphasis on client1960s - emphasis on counsellor (old white men shouldn’t have all this power!)1970s - emphasis on the counselling process
counsellors need to be sensitive to cultures in 3 areas: acronym
ASKself-(A)wareness.one’s personal worldview and own cultural conditioning(S)kills.the skills necessary for work with culturally different clients(K)nowledge.of the worldviews of culturally different clients
issues in multicultural counselling
-dominance of theories based on traditional euro-american values-lack of cultural sensitivity: ASK-lack of understanding how cultural systems operate and influence behavior-effective counselling services across cultures
General guidelines for working effectively across cultures// for emphasis (can’t underline)
//Recognize your values and beliefs//, particularly regarding human nature and acceptable and desirable human behavior-synonymous w/ self-awareness in ASK//Develop awareness// of the cultural and generic qualities in counselling theories-what values/beliefs underly counselling theories (western values)//Recognize the sociopolitical environment// that has influenced your clients-history of that culture, especially if marginalized//Share worldview of clients// and //do not question its legitimacy//-suspend judgment initially, look at code of ethics//Use a variety of counselling skills// and apply particular techniques to clients-all good counselling is multicultural, paying attention to sameness and differentness of clients
_____ _________ is a natural part of counselling
power imbalance!
