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RT 55 (fluoroscopy) > Image Intensifier > Flashcards

Image Intensifier Flashcards

1
Q

What is fluoroscopy

A

Real time dynamic viewing of anatomic structures

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2
Q

Who invented the fluoroscope and in what year

A

Thomas Edison 1896

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3
Q

Who was Thomas Edison’s Assistant who was the first to die from Radiation and when

A

Clarence Dally

1904

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4
Q

Who is the father of x-rays and when was it invented

A

Wilhelm Roentgen Nov. 8th 1895

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5
Q

Who was the first person to have an x-ray

A

Anna Bertha Ludwig

wilhelm roentgen’s wife

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6
Q

Viewers had to wait 15-20 minutes in a dark room before fluoro exam, this is known as?

A

Dark Adaption

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7
Q

Who invented the red adaption goggles and when

A

Wilhelm Trendleenburg in 1916

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8
Q

What was the purpose of the red goggles

A

to sensitize the physicians eye prior to procedure while still allowing him to receive enough light to function normally.

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9
Q

Red goggles became obsolete with the invention of ____

A

Image Intensifiers

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10
Q

When were II and TV cameras invented

A

1950

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the Television camera

A

Allows radiologist to view images in a separate room away from radiation exposure

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12
Q

Name 3 types of fluoro equipment

A
  1. C-arm/ Fluoroscans
  2. Under table units
  3. Over table units
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13
Q

______ uses a solid-state radiation detector and an electronic processing with a computer monitor for display

A

Digital fluoroscopy

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14
Q

C arms are used in ____ clinic where as fluoroscans are used in ____ clinic.

A
  1. Pain clinic

2. Ortho

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15
Q

What is the role of the technologist during a fluoro exam

A
  1. Provide assistance to radiologist and pt. before , during and after exam
  2. Prep the room
  3. Prep the contrast
  4. Prep the patient
  5. Get hx. from pt.
  6. After care instructions to patient
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16
Q

Name 5 fluoro exams

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Upper GI
  3. ERCP
  4. Angiograms
  5. Venogram
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17
Q

Where is it safe to stand during a fluoro exam

A

Behind the lead shield and behind the radiologist

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18
Q

It is safer when the tube is ____ the exam table

A

Under

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19
Q

The protective curtain contains how many mm of PB

A

at least . 25 mm PB

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20
Q

During a fluoro exam, scatter is dependent on what factors?

A
  1. kVp used
  2. Body part
  3. Thickness of part
  4. Time of exam
  5. Area exposed
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21
Q

When referring to Fluoroscopic scatter radiation, units are in:

A

mR/ hr or mGy/ hr

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22
Q

Time (hr) is an important unit in fluoroscopy exams. The ____ determines time for fluoroscopy “on” time.

A

operator

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23
Q

Scatter radiation from pt at 1 foot from table can be as high as

A

500 millirads/ hour

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24
Q

In fluoro, the x-ray output is directly proportional to ___.

A

the mA used

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25
During image intensified fluoroscopy, tube currents range of:
.5-5 mA | usually 1-3 mA
26
True or False: Collimating the useful or primary x-ray beam to the area of clinical interest is optional ?
False : it is required by law
27
How is image quality improved in fluoro?
by reducing the size of the beam ( Well collimated)
28
Filtration must be ____ mm AL eq. when x-ray tubes in fluoro operate at 126-160 kVp.
3 mm AL
29
Why is filtration necessay?
To protect the pt.s skin from unnecessary radiation dose
30
What does STD stand for
Source to table top distance
31
What does TPD stand for
OR target to panel distance
32
TPD should not be less than ____ inches and should be at least _____ inches
1. 12" | 2. 18" ( optimal for fluroro exams)
33
How does moving the II away from the patient affect pt. dose
Increases pt. dose | only when the tube is fixed below the table
34
The II serves as a ____ barrier and must be at least ____ mm of Pb equivalent for operating above 125 KVP.
1. Primary protective barrier | 2. 2 mm of Pb
35
Fluoro exposure swiitch must be of the ____ type
dead man type
36
Radiation dose to patient and operator is directly related to ____
duration (time) of the exposure
37
The predetermined time limit may not exceed _____.. What is the primary purpose of this reset time?
5 minutes - Indicates total fluoro time, - Assists in protection from unnecessary exposure
38
Lead aprons are available in what mm of PB
.25, 0.5 & 1.0 mm of Pb
39
Lead gloves and thyroid shields are available in what mm of Pb
.25 and 0.5 mm of Pb
40
What is the purpose of the the II
to brighten dim images of conventional fluoro to levels in which the human eye can perceive fine detail
41
When was the first II imvented
mid 1930's
42
What are the 3 factors that influence visual ability
1. Visual acuity 2. Viewing Distance 3. Integration time
43
Define visual acuity
Ability to perceive fine detail
44
Optimal viewing distances about _- to ___ inches
12-15 inches
45
Time required for recognition of an image
.2 seconds ** longer time does not equal increased recognition***
46
Describe rods
- used in night (scotopic) vision - perceive only shades of gray - located on the periphery of retina - Poor visual acuity
47
Describe cones
- used in daylight (photopic) vision - Perceive color - Located in fovea centralis - visual acuity is 10 x more than scotopic vision - What we utilize in fluoroscopy
48
Why should the room light be dim during a fluoro exam
to enhance visualization of black and white television images
49
What is the main function of II
to convert photons to amplified light energy
50
Describe the main component of II pathway
1. INPUT PHOSPHOR: X-rays to light 2. PHOTOCATHODE: Light to electrons 3. ELECTROSTATIC FOCUSING LENSES: Steer those electrons 4. ACCELERATING ANODE: Speed up those electrons 5. OUTPUT PHOSPHOR: Electrons to light
51
Photocathode converts visible light to electrons (photoelectrons) through
photoemission
52
____ is electron emission that follows light stimulation.
photoemission
53
The ability of the image intensifier to increase the illumination level of the image is called
brightness gain
54
define brightness gain
ability of II to increase illumination level of the image
55
The brightness gain is simply the product of ____ & ____.
1. minification gain | 2. Flux gain
56
____ occurs as a result of the same number of electrons that were produced at the large input phosphor (screen) being compressed into the area of the small output phosphor (screen).
Minification gain
57
What is the formula for MG ( minification gain)
MG = (Input Diameter )2 _________________ (Output Diameter)2
58
____ is A measurement of the increase in light photons due to the conversion efficiency of the output screen
Flux gain
59
What is the formula for Flux gain
FG = # of output light photons ___________________ #of input x-ray photons
60
Brightness gain can deteriorate or degrade as much as ___% per year due to the “aging” of the input and output screen phosphors.
10 % --- Brightness can be check measuring the Conversion factor
61
What is the formula for CF ( conversion factor)
CF = Intensity of output phosphor (measured in candelas/cd _______________________ Input exposure rate millirads/second
62
Most II are of ___ type
Multifield type
63
What is the most popular trifield tube
25/17/12cm | diameter of the input phosphor of the II
64
How does magnification occur in fluoro?
switch is made to the 17 cm mode which increases voltage to the electrostatic focusing lens -this moves the focal point further away from output phosphor
65
Magnification results in:
1. Better spatial resolution 2. Better contrast resolution 3. Increase in pt. dose
66
What is the formula to calculate pt. dose after magnification ?
(Normal mode size)2 _____________ (Mag mode size)2

RT 55 (fluoroscopy) (10 decks)

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