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spring 2023 > Image Processing > Flashcards

Image Processing Flashcards

1
Q

If film is exposed to white light or ionizing radiation, what 2 options can be used to prevent that?

A
  1. Daylight system – consists of an automatic film unloader that takes the sheet of film out of the cassette and moves it directly into a film processor.
  2. Darkroom - functions to protect the film from white light and ionizing radiation during handling and processing
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2
Q

Darkroom function

A

Protect film from:

Visible light
• Ionizing radiation
• Excess heat and humidity • Static electricity
• Pressure
• Chemical fumes

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3
Q

Film processing functions

A

Converts latent image to manifest image
• Preserve image for permanent storage

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4
Q

What are the 2 basic methods used for film processing?

A

Manual – film is transported through each step by hand.
• Automatic – electro-mechanical device that transports film through various solutions

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5
Q

Processing chemistry developer

A

Most important processing step
Converts latent image to manifest image
Uses oxidation/reduction reaction

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6
Q

Development

A

First stage in processing of the radiograph
Amplifies latent image by 100,000,000
Converts invisible latent image into visible form

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7
Q

Latent image

A

Bromide ions react with silver ions to form metallic silver ions, and eventually get a cluster of them

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8
Q

Developer or Reducing agents

A

Phenidone - Fast acting producing optical densities under 1.2
Hydroquinone - slow acting, producing optical densities above 1.2

Uses Synergism or Superadditivity
Most hazardous processing solution, very high pH

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9
Q

Accelerator, Activator, or Buffering Agents

A

Maintain alkaline medium
Soften and swell film emulsion - gives more area for develop solution to do its activity

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10
Q

PH scale

A

Developer should have a pH of 10-11.5

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11
Q

Restrained, regulator, anti-foggant, or starter

A

Restrains the action of developing agents to help prevent chemical fog

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12
Q

Preservative

A

Helps prevent premature oxidation

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13
Q

Premature oxidation can be caused by:

A

Aerial- contact with air
Internal - contact with other ingredients in developer
Photo - exposure to light

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14
Q

Hardener

A

Keeps film emulsion from sticking to rollers in processor
Weaker hardener than in fixer solution
Glutaralehyde is used

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15
Q

Solvent

A

Other components mixed with solvent, creates developer solution
Water is used

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16
Q

Sequestering agent

A

Used for developer solutions mixed from concentrate
Keeps impurities in tap water from oxidizing reducing agents

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17
Q

Ready or premix

A

Easier but more expensive

18
Q

Concentrate

A

40% cheaper but less convenient
Must be mixed properly from kit

19
Q

Developer activity factors

A

Solution Temperature
• Immersion Time
• Solution Concentration • Type of Chemicals
• Solution pH
• Exhaustion/Replenishment

20
Q

2 most important factors for film processing

A

Time
Temperature

21
Q

Optimum temperature range fo film processing

A

68-72 degrees Fahrenheit

22
Q

Ideal time and temp

A

5 minutes @ 68 degrees Fahrenheit

23
Q

What should be done when film is in the developer?

A

Agitate it to remove build up of halogen gas bubbles
If not done, uneven development can occur

24
Q

Replenishment

A

Overtime, developer becomes exhausted

25
Q

Fixer

A

Has 4 major functions:
1.stop further development
2. To clear the image
3. To fix image
4. To complete the process of hardening of the film emulsion

26
Q

Reasons for replenishment

A

Oxidation occurs to quick
Acid compounds form
A lot of developer is consumed

27
Q

Fixer components

A

Fixing agent - Removes unexposed and undeveloped silver halide crystals
Preservative - Helps recycle fixing agent
Acidifier - Provides an acid medium for the fixing agent so that it can remove the unexposed and undeveloped silver halide crystals.
Hardener or tanning agent - Permanently hardens film emulsion for long-term archival storage
• Hardening process is also called tanning
Sequestering agent - Helps prevent development of aluminum hydroxide
Solvent

28
Q

Fixer is available in what?

A

Concentrate kit

29
Q

Washing

A

Film must be washed well with water
Removes all thiosulfate complexes
Tap water is used
Incomplete wash causes retained hypo to react with silver

30
Q

Drying

A

Surface water and most retained in emulsion layer should be removed

31
Q

Manual processing

A

More time required
More space
Lower cost
Better image quality
Less quality control

32
Q

Automatic processing

A

Shorter time required
Less space required
Higher cost
Chemical fog
Better quality control

33
Q

Automatic processor main systems

A

Transport System
• Temperature Control System • Circulation System
• Replenishment System
• Dryer System
• Electrical System

34
Q

Transport system

A

largest and most complex system
• Made up of many moving parts, so is most likely to break down • Controls Processing Time

35
Q

Transport system consists of:

A

Roller subsystem
• Transport-rack subsystem
• Drive subsystem

36
Q

Temperature control system

A

Regulates solution temp
Water controlled system
Thermostatically controlled-most common

37
Q

Circulation system

A

Also known as recirculation and
filtration system
• Ensures complete chemistry mixing
• Provides uniform temperatures
• Provides equivalent of agitation
performed in manual processing

38
Q

Replenishment system

A

Used to replenish developer and fixer solutions
Available in volume, and flood

39
Q

Dryer system

A

Consists of 2 to 3 heating units

40
Q

Electrical system

A

Distributes electrical power

41
Q

Types of automatic processors

A

7 and 3 minute, 90,60,45 second

42
Q

Multispeed

A

transport system speed can be varied to select different combinations of the above

spring 2023 (81 decks)

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