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YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING > Images- finished > Flashcards

Images- finished Flashcards

1
Q

What is this study?

A

Double contrast barium of small intestines (enteroclysis)
Positive= Opaque = Barium
Negative= Dark = Air

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2
Q

What pathology is this?
What are the main radiographic signs?
What are other DDx?

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta ​​

Diagnosed when 2 of 4 major criteria are present:

  • 1: Osteoporosis with abnormal skeletal fragility.
  • 2: blue sclera (Whites of the eyes may have a blue, purple, or grey tint)
  • 3: abnormal dentition
  • 4: premature otosclerosis
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3
Q

What is this pathology?
What type of image is this?

DDX?

A
  • *Hill Sachs lesion**
  • Are a posterolateral humeral head compression fracture, typically secondary to recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations, as the humeral head comes to rest against the anteroinferior part of the glenoid.
  • FAT SAT, T2 Coronal
  • Bleeding uptake
  • Submedullary bleed

-Bankart lesion = They result from detachment of the anterior inferior labrum from the underlying glenoid as a direct result of the anteriorly dislocated humeral head compressing against the labrum

  • DDX:*
  • contusion
  • labral tear
  • Falls
  • Bankart lesion
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4
Q

What is this pathology?
What are the radiograph findings?

A
  • *Osteopetrosis**
  • Family hereditary condition.
  • No resorption of normal primitive osteochondroid tissue; osteoclasts may not respond to parathyroid hormone; primitive calcified cartilage persists.
  • Results in inhibition of medullary canal formation; absence of marrow; anaemia and extramedullary hematopoiesis.

Radiology:

  • Generalised skeletal sclerosis. Homogenous increased density, absence of trabeculation, absence of medullary canal.
  • Bone within a bone appearance or endobones.
  • Flared elongated metaphyses on long bones.
  • Spine see uniformly dense vertebrae, or sandwich vertebrae with dense bone adjacent to endplates and normal centra.
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5
Q

What is this view?
What is the pathology?

A

T2- weighted sagittal view

-Meniscal Tear

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6
Q

What pathology is this?

What are other DDX?

A

Congenital dwarfism

White balls = remnant of contrast media in the bowel
-IVP would be iodine

DDx:

  • Enostosis but too bright
  • Calcified lymph node
  • Calculi
  • Diverticulitis and contrast
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7
Q

What is this pathology?
Radiological appearance?

A

Pneumonia:
Viral and bacterial. Many types of pneumonia commonest lobar pneumonia. Infection of the alveolar epithelium. May spread to entire lobe and 75% caused by Streptococcus pneumonia.

Radiological appearance:

  • Confluent airspace opacification.
  • See focal spherical consolidation (seen more commonly in children), with lobar enlargement caused by oedema
  • Fissure bulge’s away from involved lobe
  • Lobar pneumonia superimposed on emphysema resemble necrosing pneumonia (numerous small lucencies within consolidated area of lung)
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8
Q

What is this pathology?

What are other DDx?

A

First image:
Aortic calcification
Second image:
Pylographic intravenous - iodine

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9
Q

What is this pathology?

A
  • Transverse ultrasound image through shoulder demonstrates full-thickness subscapularis tear with tendon retraction (short arrow).
  • Intraarticular dislocation of long head of biceps tendon (long arrow)
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10
Q

What is this pathology?

A

Kohler’s

-Possible ischaemic necrosis (vascular deficiency), or may represent a normal growth variant in some cases, of the tarsal navicular.

Radiographical signs:

  • Patchy or homogenous sclerosis of the navicular, collapse and fragmentation, joint spaces preserved.
  • Bones scan helps differentiate between growth variation frown ischaemic necrosis.
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11
Q

What is this pathology?

A
  • Neck of femur fracture
  • Pubis ischium
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12
Q

What pathology is this?

A

Aortic Arch Aneurysm

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13
Q

What is this pathology?

A

Haemophilia

-ankylosing

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14
Q

What pathology is this?
What is the major radiographical finding?
Other DDX?

A

Osteopetrosis

  • Endobone (bone within bone)
  • Widespread sclerosis
  • Widespread calcification

DDX?

  • Mets
  • Ivory bone
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15
Q

What is this pathology?

  • What film is this?
  • What are common radiographic findings in this condition?

What other DDX?

A
  • *Ankylosing spondylitis**
  • CT soft tissue window axial
  • S1 level
  • Discrete areas of sclerotic reaction in bilateral ilium.
  • Mets
  • Other common radiographic findings:*
  • Rosary beads lower 2/3 of the ilium (right side)

-STAR sign

  • Marginal syndesmophytes
  • Shiny corner sign
  • Ghost joint
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16
Q

What is this pathology?

A
  • *Thalassemia**
  • Can see Hair on end radiating new bone spicules
  • DDx:*
  • Solid Periosteal Response:* We would not expect it cover the entire skull
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17
Q

What pathology is this?
What major radiographical signs can you see?

A

Avascular Necrosis
Radiographical signs:
-Homogenous increase in density
-Bite Sign: Curvilinear inferior border is evident. Gouged-out areas of bony destruction may be similar to small animal bites.

-Crescent Sign: subchondral fracture

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18
Q

What is this pathology?
What is the main radiological sign?

DDX’s?

A
  • *Haemophilia**
  • Pseudotumours (tumourlike expansion of the ilium)

DDX:

  • Soap bubble apperance
  • ABC (aneurysmal bone cyst)
  • SBC (simple bone cyst)
  • giant cell tumour
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19
Q

What is this pathology?
What are DDX?

A

Osteopoikilosis

Juxtaarticular small round or ovoid radio-opacities (pathognomonic).

Epiphyseal and metaphyseal regions affected.

Symmetric involvement: a predilection for long bones, carpal and tarsals.

Occurs: ilium, scapula, glenoid.

Rarely in skull, spine ribs or clavicles.

DDX:

-blastic metastatic

  • tuberous sclerosis.
  • multiple myeloma
  • Charcots (neurotrophic arthropathy)
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20
Q

What is this pathology?

A

Hiatal Hernia

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21
Q

What is this pathology?

A
  • Bone window
  • Coronal
  • *Vacuum** phenomenon: are a result of the accumulation of gas (principally nitrogen) within the crevices of the intervertebral discs or adjacent vertebrae.
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22
Q

What is the arrow pointing at?

A

PCL

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23
Q

What is this pathology?
What is another DDX?

A
  • Fracture right through the scapula
  • Right on the scap (not outstretched hand)
  • Straight through the clavicle
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24
Q

What is this pathology?

A

Lateral collateral tear

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25
Q

What is this pathology?

A

Osteochondritis dessicans

  • Small localised necrotic segment of subchondral bone. No inflammation though so should be called Osteochondrosis dessicans.
  • Most common in the knee in lateral epicondyle.

-The laminated loose body visible within the intercondylar notch.

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26
Q

What is this pathology ?
What study is this?

A

Crohn’s Disease
Barium enema

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27
Q

What is this pathology?

A
  • Fracture right through the scapula
  • Right on the scap (not outstretched hand)
  • Straight through the clavicle
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28
Q

What pathology is this?

What are other DDX?

A

COPD
-Barrel chest
-Depression on diaphragm
-Consolidation of lung, check costophrenic angles for blunting
AP/Lateral
-Verticle heart/ pancake
-Scarring in lung fields
-Bulas emphysema = small areas of trapped air
-Thumbnail sign
-Diaphragm levels - Right is depressed usually see 9
-Left is (usually 9-10)
-R should sit 2.5 cm higher than L

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29
Q

What muscles attach to the scapula?

A
  • -SCM
  • subclass
  • Deltoid
  • Traps
  • Sternohyoid
  • Trapezoid and coracoclavicular lig
  • Pec major
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30
Q

What is this pathology?
What are the radiographic views?

A

Kienbock’s
(Avascular necrosis of the carpal lunate occasionally bilateral)

  • Bone scan or MRI shows lesion several months before plain X-ray.
  • Diffuse osteoporosis of adjacent bones
  • Cortical changes (irregular, flattened or collapsed)
  • Decreased lunate size, density initially is increased with it later becoming patchy sclerosis.
  • After resolution separation of the scaphoid and lunate.
31
Q

What is this pathology?

A
  • *Ulcerative Colitis**
  • “Lead pipe” straightened loss of haustration
32
Q

What is this pathology?
How is the most common aetiology?

A

Spina Bifida Vera may allow meninges and/or spinal cord to protrude. About 60% appear to be genetic.

33
Q

What is this pathology?

What are the radiographic signs?

A

Freiberg’s
Avascular necrosis of metatarsal head most commonly 2nd, and occasionally third.

Radiographic signs:

  • Second metatarsal head is enlarged and fragmented
  • Irregularity of articular cortex
  • Increased density
  • Thickened cortex of the entire 2nd met
34
Q

What is this showing?

A

Iliac Epiphysis: Risser sign

The epiphysis first appears at the anterior superior iliac spine and gradually progresses posteromedially before fusing to the ilium
-Radiolucent line represents the cartilaginous growth plate

35
Q

What is the pathology there?
What is the image?

A
  • *Lateral meniscus tear:**
  • Sagittal proton-density weighted, fat sat image of the right knee shows linear high signal in the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus.
  • The high signal extends to the articular surface, consistent with a longitudinal tear.
  • There is some high signal in the anterior horn which probably extends to the articular surface and may represent an extension of the tear anteriorly.
36
Q

What pathology is this?
What are other DDX?

A

Mets
-Should be homogenous

DDX: osteopenic

37
Q

What is this pathology?

A

Rib fracture

38
Q

What is this pathology?
What is the major radiographic finding?

A

Sickle Cell Anaemia
-Fish or H shaped vertebra
(caused by central aspect of the vertebra becoming sclerotic)

39
Q

What is this pathology?
Does this have clinical significance?

A

Spina Bifida Occult form see the failure of the lamina to fuse posteriorly, usually with a cleft spinous process. SBO is clinically insignificant and commonly occurs at L5/S1.

40
Q

What is the nerve root?

What causes pain?

A

-L5 nerve root

  • Osteophyte= entheseal site
  • Disc protrusion = PLL lig flavum
  • Nucleus fibrosis (microtears)
41
Q

What pathology is this?
Other DDX?

A

DDX:

  • Enostoma
  • Hemangioma
  • Osteoblastoma
  • ABC
42
Q

What pathology is this?

What are other ddx based off of what you see?

A

-Osteopoikolosis = congenital

DDX:

  • Blastic metastic
  • Tuberous sclerosis
  • Mixed biphasic = pagets
  • Multiple myeloma = punched out lesions
  • Charcots neurotrophic arthropathy
43
Q

What is this pathology?
Radiographic signs?

A

Perthes Stage -Stage 4 (Healed +/- Deformity)

-Healed changes depend on the severity the femoral head may be nearly normal or may demonstrate flattening of the articular surface especially superiorly widening of the head and neck femur.

  • Coxa vara
  • Coxa magna
  • Mushroom cap
  • Sagging rope sign = weight bearing drop intertrochanter sign
44
Q

What is this pathology?

A

AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm

45
Q

What is this pathology?

A

Scheurmann’s

  • Traumatic growth arrest and schmorl’s node (endplate fractures) during adolescent growth.
  • 5 degrees or more of anterior wedging in at least 3 contiguous segments
46
Q

What is this pathology?

A
  • *Sickle Cell Anaemia**
  • Hair on end = periosteum separating sharpie fibres - spiculated

-Hyperplastic = marrow separating

47
Q

What is the major radiographic finding?
Whats something that causes this?

A

Pneumoperitoneum from ruptured intestines

48
Q

What is this pathology?

A

This sagittal proton-density weighted, fat-saturated image of the right knee shows linear high signal in the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus.

49
Q

What pathology is this?

What are other DDX from what you see?

A

Perthes
(key age 3-12 peak and between 5-7)

  • Crest sign: a linear area of subchondral lucency seen most frequently in the anterolateral aspect of the proximal femoral head. Due to axial pressure.
  • heralds the beginning of the fragmented phase in Perthes 2nd stage.
  • avascular necrosis due to interruption of the femoral circumflex artery.
  • Subcortical fracture.
  • *Kleins** = positive
50
Q

What is this showing you stages of?

A
  • *Vertebral Ring Epiphyses**
  • *Stage 1:** Cartilaginous stage = cartilaginous apophyseal ring
  • *Stage 2:** Apophyseal stage = Bony apophyseal ring
  • *Stage 3:** Epiphyseal stage = fused apophyseal ring

-Recognition of the fusion is the most accurate indicator of complete spinal growth and can be interpreted as a strong inhibiting factor to future scoliotic progression.

51
Q

What is this arrowing pointing too?

A

ACL

52
Q

What is this pathology?

A

Pectus Carinatum

53
Q

what pathology is this?
What other DDX?

A
  • *Scheurmanns**
  • 5 degrees or more of anterior wedging in at least 3 contiguous segments

A. loss of disc height is evident, endplate irregularity, anterior wedging.
B. Increased sagittal dimensions of the vertebral bodies, endplate irregularities, loss of disc height
C. Severe form in addition to the osseous and discal changes, increased kyphosis

DDX:
Wedge #
Osteoperosis

54
Q

What is the pathology?

A

Lung Neoplasm
-Bronchogenic carcinoma:
> 90% of male patients and about 70% of female patients

55
Q

What is the major radiographic finding?

A

Too much bowel gas

56
Q

What pathology is this?

A

Gall stones

57
Q

what is this pathology?
Radiological appearance?

A

Tuberculosis

  • Primary:
  • Parenchymal consolidation (usually lower lobe),
  • Hilar and mediastinal lymphandenopathy
  • Pleural effusion (rare), with healing consolidation may regress to a clearly defined nodule, which may be resorbed or which may calcify,
  • Ghon tubercle calcified tubercular granuloma in the lung field (coin lesion)
  • Rhanke complex enlarged hilar lymph node with ipsilateral calcified granuloma (Ghon tubercle) in the peripheral lung field.
58
Q

What is this pathology?

A

Staghorn calculi

59
Q

What view is this?
Lable the anatomy ?

A

Structures in the axial plane

  1. Patellar tendon.
  2. Infrapatellar fat pad of Hoffa.
  3. Lateral femoral condyle.
  4. Medial femoral condyle.
  5. Greater saphenous vein.
  6. Sartorius muscle and tendon.
  7. Semitendinosus tendon.
  8. Medial head gastrocnemius muscle.
  9. Posterior cruciate ligament.
  10. Lateral head gastrocnemius muscle.
  11. Biceps femoris muscle and tendon.
60
Q

What is this pathology?

A

Left shows: Degenerative L5/S1 disc space
= numbness in left foot
Right image: atherosclerotic plaque anterior to vertebra

61
Q

What is this pathology?
What type of image?
DDX?

A
  • *-Osteomyelitis
  • Mets**
C= Type 1 MRI
D= is a Type 2 MRI
62
Q

What pathology is this?

What are other DDX?

A

Hepatomegaly
eg
Infective: Malaria, glandular fever, hepatitis
Neoplastic: mets, leukaemia, lymphoma
Metabolic: Haemochromatosis, glycogen storeage
Drugs: alcohol, drug-induced hepatitis
Congenital: sickle cell, haemolytic anaemia.

63
Q

What pathology is this? What are other DDX’s based on what you see?

A

Diagnosis: Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Other DDX:
-Underlying fracture leading to massive boney callous.
-Callus makes it looks like tumour/pseudotumor
Protrusio acetabuli ddx:
-Dish
-Psoriatic
-RA

64
Q

What is this study?
What is the arrow pointing to?

A
  • Sagittal fat-saturated proton density–weighted image
  • Medial compartment shows the larger posterior horn (arrowhead) and the smaller anterior horn
65
Q

What is this pathology?

A

Hepatomegaly

66
Q

What is this pathology?
DDX?

A

Osgood-Schlatter’s
-Tendonitis caused by trauma or repetitive microtrauma. May involve partial displacement of the patella tendon.

67
Q

What is this pathology?
DDX?

A

Haemophilia

-Soft tissue swealing with hameoathrosis

DDx:
Charcots (neurotrophic arthropathy) :
-Joint disorganisation with complete loss of joint space
-Articular fragmentation
-Sclerosis
-osteophyte
-Bony misalignment

68
Q

What kind of study is this?

A

Barium

69
Q

What kind of study is this?

A

Intravenous urogram - Iodine

70
Q

What is this pathology?
What are some other DDX?

A
  • *Haemophilia
  • **Unfused
  • Begins at childhood
  • We’re looking at superimposition of the head of the talus not a fracture.
  • Osteoporosis and poorly defined articular cortex
  • Bleeding may cause lifting
  • DDX:*
  • JRA
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Haemophilia
  • Rickets (bowing)
  • Osteogensis imperfecta
71
Q

Lable this….

A

1: Femoral condyle
2: Femoral shaft
3: patella
4: quadriceps tendon
5: patella tendon
6: tib tub
7: tibial plateau
8: tibial shaft
9: suprapatella fat pad/ bursa
10: infrapatellar fat pad
11: Transverse meniscal ligament
12: Lateral meniscus anterior horn
13: Later Posterior horn meniscus
14: Tibial nerve
15: Medial sural cutaneous nerve
16: lateral head of gastrocs
17: soleus
18: Popliteal artery/popliteus
19: Plantaris
20: gastrocs- lateral head
21: superior lateral ganicular vessles
22: subcutaneous fat

72
Q

What is the pathology of this blurry picture?

DDX?

A

Thalassemia

  • Coarse trabecula pattern = honeycomb and thin cortices
  • Similar to sickle cell
  • Permeative medullary response? Due to the trabecula pattern
73
Q

What is this pathology?
What are the arrows pointing to?
DDX?

A

Sickle Cell Anaemia

-H shaped vertebra or fish-shaped from central aspect becoming sclerotic, central growth is inhibited
DDX:
Enplate displacement
-Line of han, sclerosed vein

YEAR 4 SEMESTER 2 DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING (17 decks)

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