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IMC Summary Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term ‘International media community’ refer to?

A

A diverse group of people involved in producing, distributing, influencing, being influenced by, and consuming media products.

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2
Q

What is the definition of media?

A

The main means of mass communication.

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3
Q

How is media technically plural?

A

As the plural of the word medium.

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4
Q

What is the view of media as mainstream news outlets, journalists, press, etc?

A

Referred to as a single entity but is actually a social club with shared cultural and ideological assumptions.

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5
Q

What role does mass media play in society?

A

It plays a role in socializing, identity construction, and dissemination of news in democratic societies.

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6
Q

What does media sociology attempt to understand?

A

The dynamic relationship between individuals and society, and how social structures enable or constrain individual behavior.

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7
Q

What is a social institution?

A

An organization critical to the socialization process, providing a support system for individuals as they become members of a larger social network.

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8
Q

How do culture and structure shape behavior?

A

By exercising great power over how media worked.

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9
Q

What is the concept of technological determinism?

A

The view that social outcomes stem directly from the introduction of new technologies, shaping and influencing society’s values, culture, and behavior.

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10
Q

What is the criticism of technological determinism?

A

While new technologies can shape behavior, people also have agency. It’s people’s usage of technology, not technology itself, that can change social processes.

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11
Q

What is the concept of Technological affordance?

A

The range of functions & constraints that an object provides.

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12
Q

What is the cultural diamond?

A

A system where each point in the diamond affects the others, used to understand culture. by Wendy Grisworld. (1994)

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13
Q

What is the political economy on macro level?

A

Organisation of the state & economy matters

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14
Q

What is the Frankfurt school known for in relation to capitalism?

A

Marx critique of capitalism to more recent developments in politics, economics & culture.

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15
Q

According to Theodor Adorno, what did he believe about movies and radio?

A

He believed they are no longer art.

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16
Q

What did Jugen Habermas say about the media and advertising?

A

He stated that the media is ‘a platform for advertising’ that ‘prestructures’ nearly all debate in ways that preserve established social hierarchies.

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17
Q

What is the concept behind Marshall McLuhan’s statement ‘the medium is the message’?

A

It means that it’s not the content of the medium that matters, but the characteristics of that medium determine its content.

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18
Q

According to Paul Starr, what led to the rapid growth of mass media in the US?

A

A unique blend of free-market capitalism & government intervention.

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19
Q

What is the concept of ‘Field theory’ according to Pierre Bourdieu?

A

There are different fields which are social spaces structured by external forces like the market & internal features of culture like norms & values.

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20
Q

According to Paul Hirsch, what elaborate systems exist in the cultural industry?

A

Elaborate systems exist to turn out mass culture products that are predictable in quality & likely to succeed in the market place.

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21
Q

What is the issue in sociology of mass communication according to Denis McQuail?

A

The issue is whether mass media content mirrors social values or does it independently originate change.

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22
Q

What does the ‘Reflection theory’ state about media representations?

A

It states that media representations mirror society.

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23
Q

According to Gramsci, when does hegemony occur?

A

Hegemony occurs when a dominant group presents their view of the world in such a way that the masses accept it & consent to their own domination.

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24
Q

What makes the ‘Ideal public sphere’?

A

Inclusivity, disregard of status, rational-critical discourse & adresses common concern

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25
What does Doxa mean?
Systems of presuppositions (something you assume to be true)
26
What does new institutionalism mean?
Great uncertainty or risk within fields as organisations fight to survive.
27
What are six key facets that shape production of culture?
1. technology, 2. law & regulation, 3. industry structure, 4. organisation structure, 5. occupational careers, 6. market
28
What is the definition of media representation today?
Cultural resources produced by/for society & as symbolic sites where issues, problems, tensions & dilemmas are negotiated & contested.
29
What does feminist media studies focus on?
Underrepresentation & patriarchal representation of women across a range of media.
30
What is hegemony?
When a dominant group presents their view of the world in such a way that the masses accept it completely & consent to their own domination.
31
What did Fredric Wertham argue in his book 'Seduction of the Innocent'?
That comic books corrupt minds of children by exposing them to violence, criminality & sex.
32
What does exemplification theory argue about examples presented in mass media?
That they are particularly powerful heuristics or mental shortcuts that are more likely to stick in the mental schemata (or clusters of ideas) in our brains.
33
What are the five different way of financing?
1. Fee-based, 2. Advertising, 3. Fundraising, 4. Grants, 5. Public funding
34
What is the danger of responding to market demand in media production?
Media producers fall victim to 'Tyranny of the consumer' (choosing customer preferences over concern for quality)
35
What was the 2007 Radiohead experiment related to media financing?
Internet users pay what you want for the album, creating a web-based 'pay what you want' model.
36
What is the main objective of the fee-based media model?
To collect as many fees as possible.
37
What is the consequence of the fee-based model in media production?
An enormous amount of media content reflecting the concerns, interests & tastes of affluent people while preferences of lower income consumers & coverage of problems that matter to them are often largely excluded.
38
What is the primary customer for advertisers?
You are the data they collect.
39
What is the primary service of broadcasting?
To broadcast free to anyone with an antenna.
40
What do advertisers do to target particular demographics?
Track audience demographics.
41
What is the process of seeking and gathering voluntary financial contributions?
Fundraising or fund-raising.
42
What is a grant?
A fund given by a person or organization for a specific purpose linked to public benefit.
43
What are the challenges in public funding for broadcasting?
Independence.
44
What is the 'rabbit hole effect' in the context of tech companies?
Users may be led towards videos that become more extreme due to specific addictive algorithms.
45
What are the challenges related to transparency in fundraising?
Not strong transparency
46
What is the impact of concentration in ownership on the media landscape?
Homogenization hypothesis - homogenization in the media landscape.
47
How have media companies grown in the digital age?
By buying a large number of the same type of media properties, vertical integration, and horizontal integration.
48
What is Horizontal Integration?
Buying media properties across several industries.
49
What is Vertical Intergration?
Media companies buy more parts within a single industry
50
What are the advantages of media concentration?
Advantages include more efficiency, scope for specialization, and the ability to compete with foreign media companies.
51
How does media concentration benefit small ventures?
It saves small ventures by guaranteeing their further existence through joining a media group.
52
What is the Homogenization Hypothesis in the context of media ownership?
It suggests that concentration in ownership reduces diversity in media, leading to a less competitive and diverse marketplace.
53
What is the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) used for?
It is used to determine market competitiveness, with different levels indicating the degree of concentration in the marketplace.
54
What are the types of diversity affected by media concentration?
Format diversity, demographic diversity, and idea diversity are affected by media concentration.
55
What is the Hotelling-Steiner Effect in the context of media concentration?
It suggests that with many different media companies in the market, there will be a decline in diversity of content.
56
What is the relationship between sameness and practices common in profit-driven industries?
Sameness pervading is linked to practices common in profit-driven industries.
57
What is the Propaganda model proposed by Edward Herman & Noam Chomsky?
It suggests public opinion is influenced through 5 filters: financial ownership, funding through advertising, reliance on PR, flak, Anti-communism & fear.
58
What does the EU Digital Services act & Digital Markets act entail?
Set of rules of regulating digital services with clear obligations tailored to the importance of the online platforms.
59
What are gatekeepers in the context of the EU Digital Markets act?
Businesses with a strong economic position and significant impact on the internal market.
60
What obligations are set for gatekeeper platforms under the EU Digital Markets act?
They must allow 3rd parties to inter-operate with the gatekeeper’s own services in certain specific situations.
61
What does the gatekeeper's platform allow their business users to do?
Access the data they generate and promote their offer & conclude contracts with their customers outside the platform.
62
What tools and information does the gatekeeper's platform provide to companies advertising on their platform?
Tools & information necessary for advertisers & publishers to carry out their own independent verification of their advertisements.
63
What is the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) about?
New guidelines for the collection & processing of personal data of individuals wishing the EU came into effect in 2018.
64
Why should the state intervene in the media community?
Public interest and the expense of R&D (Research & Development).
65
What is the Chinese credit system proposed in 2014 and launched by 2020?
A financial score for loans and a social score for individuals & companies.
66
What does the public sphere refer to?
refers to an arena or space in society where individuals come together to discuss & debate matters or common concern.
67
How does Jürgen Habermas describe the ideal public sphere?
Accessible, rational, inclusive & transparant
68
How did Jürgen Habermas describe the ideal public sphere in terms of accessibility?
It should be open to all individuals regardless of their social status, wealth, or political power.
69
What is the expectation for discourse within the public sphere according to Jürgen Habermas?
It should be based on reason, evidence, and logical argumentation.
70
What is the expectation for processes within the public sphere according to Jürgen Habermas?
They should be transparent, allowing for scrutiny and accountability.
71
What are some trends related to the public sphere?
Growing political polarisation, retreat from the public sphere, decline in trust in transpartisan institutions

International Media Community (2 decks)

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