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Module 4 (MedSurg 2) > Immune Assessments > Flashcards

Immune Assessments Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of the immune system

A

Defense of invasion of microorganisms and prevention of development of infection by attacking pathogens
Homeostasis: damaged cells are digested and removed from the body (uniformity of cells)
Surveillance of foreign/mutated/non-self cells and attack destroy remove.

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2
Q

Immunity

A

body’s ability to resist disease

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3
Q

Antigen

A

traces nonself pathogens leave behind
molecules found on the surface of pathogens detected by adaptive
used for recognition on the outside of cells

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4
Q

Antigen elicits an

A

immune response

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5
Q

Antibody

A

produced by B cells
attach to antigens
signal macrophages to kill the pathogen
Y shaped
bind to antigens

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6
Q

Complement

A

works to help the actions of the immune system
- both responses

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7
Q

The immune system is divided into what 2 parts

A

Innate
Adaptive

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8
Q

Innate is

A

non-specific, quicker
1st natural defense to any intruder (prevent entry)
-does not differentiate between different pathogens
-skin, mucous lining, tears, acid in stomach

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9
Q

What are 2 physical barriers in innate immunity?

A

-skin, mucous lining

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10
Q

What are the chemical/biochemical barriers to innate immunity?

A

tears, acid in stomach, normal flora in gut

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11
Q

After the 1st barriers such as skin, what is the next line of defense?

A

inflammation by mast cells (histamine molecules)

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12
Q

Leukocytes have an all access pass of the body except to the

A

brain and spine

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13
Q

What leukocyte belongs to the innate system?

A

Phagocytes
- patrol like neutrophils
- Stay in areas and wait for cue

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14
Q

Phagocytes

A

abundant
patrol and breach sites quickly
kill infectious cells and then die to make pus

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15
Q

What is pus?

A

dead phagocytes after sefl destructing with infection

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16
Q

Macrophages

A

engulf unwanted pathogens
remain in one place
consume about 100 pathogens before death
detect self-cells going rogue (CA) and kill
give info on antigens

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17
Q

Natural Killer cells

A

detect rogue cells by sight constant checking
-release chemicals to eliminate
attacks when cells stops producing Major Histocompatibility Complex

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18
Q

Dendritic cells

A
  • contact with the outside environment
    Link between innate and adaptive immunity
    -Eat then carry info about antigen to adaptive T cells
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19
Q

The adaptive immune system

A

specific and target cells infected, antigens, and antibodies

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20
Q

Acquired immunity

A
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21
Q

Adaptive immune system has 2 components

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

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22
Q

T cells come

A

infection has already occurred
brings cell-mediated immune response

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23
Q

B cells come

A

when the pathogens have entered and have not caused a disease yet
humoral immune response

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24
Q

Helper T cells

A

Use information from dendritic/macrophage cells
form effector t cells = circulate and call for other WBCs
form memory t cells = record of antigen for future infections

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25
Cytotoxic T cells
perform a mercy killing for the infected and dying cells - cell-mediated release of Perforin and cause apoptosis
26
B cells produce
antibodies to fit around antigens tag them and don't allow for them to infect anything
27
B cells also produce what when they encounter an antigen?
memory b cells
28
Both memory cells jointly maintain
record of all encountered infections and strengthen the immune response to infections
29
Which immune system reacts 1st? if out of hand, they call upon the?
innate adaptive
30
Order of immunity
Innate 1) Skin barriers 2) Inflammation (histamine) Adaptive Specific with B and T cells - Cell-mediated - Humoral
31
Inflammatory response lines of defense
vasodilation with increase capillary permeability - increase blood flow and leukocyte mvmt interferon complement phagocytosis
32
Adaptive acquired found from
infection tolerance vaccine antigen cytokine b and T lymphocyte activation - cell-mediated and humoral
33
Components of the immune system include
lymphatic primary/secondary lymphoid organs hematopoietic stem cell differentiation thymus (chest) bone marrow tonsils adenoids peyer's patches
34
Thymus is the
the central lymphoid organ which produces the Thymusen stimulates T cells and the development
35
Bone marrow produces what
B and T lymphocyte cell differentiation occurs
36
What are the different type of adaptive immune response?
Passive Active
37
Active Adaptive Immunity
Invasion of foreign substance (natural or artificial) Body forms **long-lasting** immunity Ex: Chicken pox, mumps, measles
38
Passive Adaptive Immunity
Receive antigen instead of create their own (natural or artificial) Body immunity is **short duration** Ex: Mom to baby via placenta or colostrum Gamma globulin injections
39
Cellular mediated is
Tcells - activated to defend against intracellular microorganisms - survive inside cells (viruses, fungi, and some bacteria
40
Humoral mediated is
Bcells - occurs in reaction to an antigenic challenge - antibodies to the substance - anaphylactic shock, transfusion gone wrong, and bacterial infections
41
If a pathogen gets by the innate immune system they are taken care of by
adaptive immune system
42
Types of Acquired Specific Immunity
Natural - Passive: mother to child - Active: natural contact through actual infection Artificial - Passive: inject antibodies from one to another person without antibodies - Active: vaccinations
43
Hypersensitivity Reaction Types
1) Allergic 2) Cytotoxic 3) Immune complex deposition 4) Delayed
44
Hypersensitivity Reaction 1) Allergic
IgE Quick onset after exposure Hay fever environmental
45
Hypersensitivity Reaction 2) Cytotoxic
antibody-mediated **specific cell has an antigen stuck to it - organ and tissue specific** hemolytic - RBC destruction, good pasture syndrome, hyperacute graft rejection
46
Hypersensitivity Reaction 3) Immune Complex Deposition
IgG/IgM mediated **complex formed in circulatory system and into vessel wall** **highly pathogenic** hypersensitivity pneumonitis Lupus Polyarteritis nodosa serum sickness
47
Hypersensitivity Reaction 4) Delayed
cell-mediation slow onset 24-48 hours edema and inflammation not by antibodies -topical- chronic graft rejections, **+PPD test**, Latex, Nickel, poison ivy
48
Assess Immune system - H&P
Current problem Age & allergies (severity) Nutrition (tolerance of activity) Med-Surg history Immunization Immune deficiencies (chemo, immunosuppressants, antibiotics Family history Look, LISTEN, FEEL
49
Assessment of the current problem
Constitutional (overall body - fever) Neurologic (dizzy, memory) Respiratory (cough, sneeze, patterns) GI system (loss of appetite, N/V/D) Lymph nodes (bleeding and characteristics) Mobility & pain (gait, joints, stiffness, swelling, uni and bilateral)
50
Age-associated with Immunological
impact susceptibility to infection regulation of inflammation Immunosenescence = low innate and adaptive
51
What type of t cells occur more near the end of the life?
mature along with tissue inflammation and suseptibility to infection
52
Immune competence is what as we age
decreased - lowers innate and adaptive
53
Immunoessence
gradual deterioration of the immune system brought on by the **natural aging process** - host capability to respond to infections and long term immune therapy (vax)
54
Frequency and severity of infections are increased in elderly related to:
decrease ability to respons to invading organisms (flu, pneumo.) decrease production and function of T and B lymphocytes (cell-mediated and humoral)
55
The ability to distinguish self from non-self lowers as the pt gets
older -fail to recognize abnormal cells -thymus gland shrinks (increase in viral) -more memory than fighter t cells -immune competence decreases
56
The older age to immunity
decreases function and less effective (increase infections from secondary) increase autoantibodies (increase autoimmune disorders) malignant cells not destroyed (leads to CA)
57
Older age what organs are connected to
Thymus
58
What suppresses immune function via nutrition
vitamins and trace elements - DNA and protein synthesis reglate cell repilcation and maturation Fatty acids - structural of membrane, precursor to vitamins and cholestrol
59
What increases suseptibility to infections via nutrition?
atrophy of lymph depress antibody reduce circulating T cells phagocytic function impaired
60
Allergies need to be said when
Every time you give a MED BEFORE!!!! - occurrence and severity testing and tx effectiveness
61
Autoimmune disorders have a
genetic link common in females
62
Neoplastic disease
immunocompromised pt Ca (hematological) from chemo and radiation
63
What causes renal failure in immune systems
reduce lymhoctes and uremai
64
What causes DM in immune systems
↑ infections, vascular insufficiency, & neuropathy.
65
What causes COPD in immune systems
recurrent respiratory tract infections → ineffective airway clearance.
66
What causes SURGERY in immune systems
Removal of spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, organ transplantation.
67
What causes burns, injuries, and infections in immune systems
Impaired skin integrity & compromised first line of defense. Loss of large amounts of serum in burn patients → depletes body of immunoglobulins.
68
Hx and immunizations
Childhood/recent immunizations & diseases. TB: Exposure Recent exposure to infections. Past & present infections. Multiple persistent infections, FUO Lesions/sores, any type of drainage.
69
Social Hx
Smoking Alcohol consumption Dietary intake & nutritional status Amount of perceived stress IV drug use Sexual practices Occupational or residential exposure to radiation or pollutants
70
Under a normal response, the immunity
does not act
71
Autoimmune diseases
-age, genetic is risk viral infection triggers cluters of diseases
72
The nurse associates which of the following findings to immunosenescence in a 68-year-old woman? Select all that apply. A. Pneumonia B. Shingles C. Cervical dysplasia D. Cancer
A. Pneumonia B. Shingles D. Cancer
73
The nurse includes which of the following in the past medical history evaluating the immune response? Select all that apply. A. Recurrent infections B. Chronic illness C. Dietary history D. History of fractures E. Medication history
A. Recurrent infections B. Chronic illness C. Dietary history E. Medication history
74
What functions of the immune system can be found the older adult? Select all that apply a Decreased formation of antibodies b Thymus enlargement c Decreased surveillance for malignant cell changes d Decreased delayed hypersensitivity reactions e Increased response of T and B cells
a = Decreased formation of antibodies b = Thymus enlargement c= Decreased surveillance for malignant cell changes e= Increased response of T and B cells

Module 4 (MedSurg 2) (36 decks)

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