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NURSING 3 > Immune function > Flashcards

Immune function Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

Immunity: definition

A

Body’s specific protective response to an invading foreign agent or organism

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2
Q

What are disorders of the immune system

A

Excesses or deficiencies of immunocompetent cells
Alterations in the function of these cells
Immunologic attack on self-antigens
Inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specific antigens

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3
Q

What are factors the influence immune function?

A 
Central nervous system integrity
Emotional status
Medications
Stress of illness
Trauma
Surgery
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4
Q

What are components in the body that are a part of the immune system?

A 
Bone marrow
WBC
Lymphoid tissue
Thymus gland 
Spleen
Tonsils/adenoids
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5
Q

Autoimmunity

A

Normal protective immune response paradoxically turns against or attacks the body, leading to tissue damage

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6
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Body produces inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specific antigens

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7
Q

Gammopathies

A

Immunoglobulins are overproduced

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8
Q

Primary immune deficiency

A

Deficiency results from improper development of immune cells or tissues; usually congenital or inherited

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9
Q

Secondary immune deficiency

A

Deficiency results from some interference with an already developed immune system; usually acquired later in life

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10
Q

What do lymph nodes do?

A

Remove foreign material from the lymph system before it enters the bloodstream. They are centers for the proliferation of immune cells

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11
Q

Where are lymph nodes located?

A

Distributed throughout the body throughout the body and connected by lymph channels and capillaries

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12
Q

Natural immunity

A

Provides a nonspecific response to any foreign pathogen, regardless of the pathogen’s composition.

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13
Q

Natural immunity is dependent on what?

A

The ability to distinguish between self and non-self

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14
Q

Natural immunity coordinates what?

A

The initial response to pathogens through the production of cytokines

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15
Q

What are the 2 stages of natural immunity?

A

immediate or delayed

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16
Q

Natural immunity: physical and chemical barriers do what

A

Help immune system response - prevent or delay entry into the body of various pathogens before infection can develop

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17
Q

Example of physical and chemical barriers

A

_____

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18
Q

Physical and chemical barriers (Natural immunity) - interferon-viricidal protein

A

_____ GO read in book

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19
Q

Natural immunity: inflammatory response

A

Tissue injury or pathogens

Facilitated by physical and chemical barriers

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20
Q

Natural immunity: immune response

A

Successful immune response eliminates the responsible antigen

Disorders with constant inflammatory response – hypersensitivity reaction

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21
Q

Acquired immunity

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A

Develops as a result of exposure to an antigen - immunization or contacting the disease

22
Q

What are the 2 types of acquired immunity?

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A

Passive

Active

23
Q

Acquired immunity: passive immunity

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A

Temporary immunity transmitted from a source outside the body that has developed immunity through previous disease or immunization

the short-term immunity which results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.

24
Q

Passive immunity - Immune globulin/antiserum

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A

used in emergencies after a hepatitis exposure

25
Acquired immunity: active
immunologic defense are developed by the person's own body - lasts years or a lifetime - relies on the recognition of specific foreign antigens
26
Go read in book about the different types of immunuty
ex: active natural, artificial active, etc.
27
What conditions does the humoral response fight?
- Bacterial phagocytosis and lysis - Anaphylaxis - Allergic hay fever and asthma - Immune complex disease - Bacterial and some viral infections
28
What cells are involved in humoral response?
B cells
29
What cells are involved with cellular response?
T cells
30
What conditions does the cellular response target?
``` Transplant rejection Delayed hypersensitivity Graft v Host disease Tumor surveillance or destruction Intracellular infections Viral, Fungal, and parasitic infections ```
31
How might B cells respond to antigens?
Sometimes, B cells can response to the antigen by directly triggering the antibody. Other times, it needs the T cells because T cells recognize the "blueprint" and message the B cells who are waiting in the lymph nodes - then the B cells start cloning. Then, there becomes memory and allows us to fight and recognize faster with the next invasion
32
What are the stages of immune response?
Recognition stage Proliferation stage Response stage Effector stage
33
What are the types of T cells
Helper T cells Cytotoxic (killer) T cells Suppressor T cells Memory cells
34
What are antibodies?
Large proteins called immunoglobulins that defend against foreign pathogens.
35
How does the body develop antibodies?
from vaccinations or previous illness
36
What are the types of B cells
``` IgG IgA IgM IgE IgD ```
37
IgG
Most abundant in body Responsible for humoral immunity Crosses placenta Assumes major role in blood borne and tissue infections
38
IgA
Body secretions (Saliva, tears, sweat, GI tract) Colostrum is rich in IgA Prevents antigens or foreign substances from entering the body cells Prevents absorption of antigens from food
39
IgM
First antibody to be produced in response to bacterial and viral infections Most effective
40
IgE
Raised with allergies | Bind with mast cells - release histamine
41
IgD
Not significant role Present on the surface of b-cells Thought to function as a b-cell receptor
42
Immune dysfunction: respiratory system
``` Changes in respiratory rate Cough (dry or productive) Abnormal lung sounds (wheezing, crackles, rhonchi, stridor) Rhinitis Hyperventilation Bronchospasm Hypoxemia ```
43
Immune dysfunction: CV system
``` Hypotension Tachycardia Arrhythmia Vasculitis Anemia ```
44
Immune dysfunction: GI system
Hepatosplenomegaly Colitis Vomiting Diarrhea
45
Immune dysfunction: Genitourinary system
Frequency and burning on urination Hematuria Discharge
46
immune dysfunction: musculoskeletal
Joint mobility, edema, and pain
47
immune dysfunction: neurosensory system
``` Cognitive dysfunction Hearing loss Visual changes Headaches and migraines Ataxia Tetany ```
48
Immune dysfunction: skin
``` Rashes Pruritus Lesions Dermatitis Hematomas or purpura Edema, angioedema, or urticaria Inflammation Flushing Discharge ```
49
Immune system assessment
``` Past medical History Signs and symptoms of an immune response Immunization status Allergies Autoimmune disorders Chronic illness and surgery Medications & Blood transfusions Nutrition ```
50
Gerontological considerations: immunity
Immune - less antibodies, inflammatory response not as quick GI - altered nutrition, decrease immunoglobulins Urinary - flora change --> UTI Pulmonary - environmental stuff they breath in Integumentary - thinning Circulatory Neuro - decreased sensation
51
What are examples of allergy testing
Skin tests Radioallergosorbent Testing Proactive testing

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