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1.3 POM Immunology > Immune Sequence and Timing > Flashcards

Immune Sequence and Timing Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 steps of the immune response sequence?

A
  1. Microbial detection
  2. Innate immune response
  3. Adaptive immune response
  4. Memory response
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2
Q

Which 4 cell types are involved in the innate immune response?

A
  1. Epithelia
  2. Phagocytes
  3. NK cells
  4. Innate lymphoid cells
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3
Q

Which 3 cell types are involved in the adaptive immune response?

A
  1. Lymphoid tissue
  2. T and B lymphocytes
  3. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
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4
Q

Which cell type is involved in the memory response?

A

Memory T and B cells

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5
Q

How are immune responses triggered? (2)

A

MAMPS and DAMPS

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6
Q

What are MAMPS?

A

Microbe Associated Molecular Patterns

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of MAMPS?

A
  1. Bacterial
  2. Viral
  3. Fungal
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8
Q

What are the 2 bacterial MAMPS?

A
  1. LPS - gram-negative only
  2. Peptidoglycan
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9
Q

What is a MAMP in fungi?

A

Beta-glucan cell wall

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10
Q

What are the 2 viral MAMPS?

A
  1. Surface glycoproteins
  2. Nucleic acids
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11
Q

What are DAMPS?

A

Danger Associated Molecular Patterns

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12
Q

What are the 3 DAMPS?

A
  1. ATP —> released from dead cells
  2. Alarmins
  3. Some cytokines
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13
Q

What are the 3 parts of an innate immune response?

A
  1. Physical barriers
  2. Humoral response
  3. Cellular response
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14
Q

What are the 2 parts of an adaptive immune response?

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Cellular
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15
Q

What is involved in physical barriers as part of the innate immune response? (3)

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous
  3. Epithelial cells
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16
Q

Which molecules are involved in the innate humoral response? (4)

A
  1. Complement proteins
  2. Lectins
  3. Pentraxins
  4. Antimicrobial peptides
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17
Q

Which cells are involved in the innate cellular response? (4)

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Macrophages
  3. DCs
  4. NK cells
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18
Q

Which molecules are involved in the adaptive humoral response? (2)

A
  1. Antibodies
  2. Complement proteins
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19
Q

Which cells are involved in the adaptive cellular response? (5)

A
  1. CTLs
  2. Th cells
  3. Treg cells
  4. B lymphocytes
  5. Plasma cells
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20
Q

What are the 5 differences between the innate and adaptive immune response?

A
  1. Timing
  2. Cell types
  3. Receptors and ligands
  4. Cytokines
  5. Molecular effector machineries
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21
Q

How is pathogen specificity different in the innate vs adaptive immune response?

A

Innate:
- Differentiates between type of pathogen
- Uses PAMPS (10^3)

Adaptive:
- Differentiates between specific pathogens
- Uses antibodies (10^15)

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22
Q

How are the receptors different in the innate vs adaptive immune response?

A

Innate:
- Limited diversity
- Encoded in germline
- <100

Adaptive:
- Greater diversity
- Encoded by genes
- Millions of TCRs and antibodies

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23
Q

How is the distribution of receptors different in the innate vs adaptive immune response?

A

Innate:
- Non-clonal —> identical on same type of cell

Adaptive:
- Clonal —> lymphocyte receptors all different

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24
Q

What are pathogen niches?

A

Locations where a pathogen thrives

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25
What are the 4 pathogen niches?
1. Extracellular 2. Intracellular vacuolar 3. Surface adherent 4. Intracellular cytosolic
26
What are 5 examples of extracellular pathogens?
1. Staphylococcus 2. Streptococcus 3. Candida 4. Microbiota 5. Worms
27
What are 5 examples of intracellular vacuolar pathogens?
1. Salmonella 2. Chlamydia 3. Legionella 4. Coxiella 5. Plasmodium
28
What is an example of a surface adherent pathogen?
E. coli (enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic)
29
What are 4 examples of intracellular cytosolic pathogens?
1. Viruses 2. Listeria 3. Burkholderia 4. Mycobacterium
30
What are the 2 stimulants of an immune response?
1. Tissue damage 2. Pathogens
31
Which cell first responds to an infection and how?
Neutrophils
32
What issues do uncontrolled phagocytes pose? (3)
1. Granulomas in TB 2. Excessive inflammation 3. Tissue damage ---> blocks resolution of inflammation
33
How do phagocytes respond to bacteria? (3)
1. Inflammasome activation 2. Inflammatory cytokine release 3. Antimicrobial, metabolic and immunomodulatory genes expressed
34
How do phagocytes respond to fungi? (2)
1. Proinflammatory cytokines released 2. Antimicrobial, metabolic and immunomodulatory genes expressed
35
How do phagocytes respond to viruses? (4)
1. Proinflammatory cytokines released 2. IFN production 3. Antiviral and immunomodulatory genes
36
Which chemicals allow for communication between immune cells?
Cytokines
37
What are 3 examples of cytokines?
1. Chemokines 2. Interferons 3. Interleukins
38
What is the sequence of activating host-cells in response to an infection? (4)
1. Microbial ligand detection 2. Naive host-cells recruited ---> gene expression changes 3. Cytokines and chemokines released ---> send signals 4. Host-cells activated
39
What is macrophage activation?
Expression of new genes induced by microbes and cytokines
40
What is enhanced in IFNγ-activated macrophages? (5)
1. Phagocytosis and migration 2. Cytokine production 3. Expression of cell surface molecules 4. Antimicrobial activity 5. Antigen presentation ---> T cell activation
41
What are the 2 routes of macrophage stimulation?
1. IFNγ-activated 2. Alternatively activated
42
Which 5 cytokines activate non IFNγ-activated macrophages?
1. IL-12 2. IL-18 3. IL-1β 4. TNF 5. IL-6
43
What is IFN?
Interferon
44
What is the function of IFNs?
Viral immune response via transcription of antimicrobial genes
45
Which cytokines promote antiviral defense?
IFN
46
What are the 3 types of IFNs?
1. Type I ---> IFNα/β 2. Type II ---> IFNγ 3. Type III ---> IFNλ
47
What is the action of type I IFN?
Antiviral
48
What are the 3 actions of type II IFN?
1. Antiviral 2. Antibacterial 3. Th1 skewing
49
What are the 2 actions of type III IFN?
1. Antiviral 2. Mucosal immunity
50
How do IFNs act against viral particles? (6)
Antiviral gene expression: 1. Nucleases produced 2. Inhibits viral entry/exit 3. Inhibits viral uncoating and replication 4. Inhibitprotein translation Immunomodulatory: 5. Enhance T-cell response via inc MHC expression 6. Anti-inflammatory
51
What is pyroptosis?
Programmed cell death associated with inflammation via rupture of the cell membrane
52
Which 2 cells kill virus-infected cells?
1. CTLs 2. NK cells - Contact-dependant killing
53
How are bacteria-infected cells killed?
Cell-intrinsic death
54
What is contact-dependant killing of infected cells?
Cell death via direct interaction with immune cells (CTLs and NK cells)
55
What is cell-intrinsic killing of infected cells?
Cell death via inherent cellular mechanisms
56
What are the 4 molecules involved in soluble effector mechanisms of an innate immune response?
1. Complement ---> bacterial destruction 2. Lectin ---> binds to neutralise pathogen attachment/entry 3. Siderophores ---> iron chelation prevents replication 4. Antibiotic-like peptides
57
What can complement proteins do during an innate immune response?
Stimulates bacterial destruction
58
What can lectins do during an innate immune response?
Binds to neutralise pathogen attachment/entry
59
What can siderophores do during an innate immune response?
Iron chelation ---> prevents replication
60
What can antibiotic-like peptides do during an innate immune response?
Kill bacteria
61
What are the 2 cellular effector mechanisms of an innate immune response?
1. ROS and nitrogen radicals 2. Acidification and digestion via phagosomes
62
Which mechanisms lead to killing of microbes in the innate immune response? (2)
1. Soluble effector mechanisms 2. Cellular effector mechanisms
63
Which cells activate T cells in the adaptive immune response? (2)
APCs: 1. Macrophages 2. DC cells
64
Which chemicals create a suitable environment for T-cell avtivation?
Cytokines produced by APCs - IL-12 and TNF
65
How can T cells activate phagocytes?
Cytokines - IFNγ and IL-17
66
What are the 2 steps proceeding B cell activation?
1. APC activation - by infection and cytokines 2. T cell activation - by cognate MHCs and foreign peptide recognition
67
What are the 2 antibody-mediated immune responses?
1. Phagocytosis 2. Complement activation
68
What are the classifications of T cell function?
1. Phagocyte activation 2. Direct killing of infected cells 3. B cell activation 4. Innate lymphoid cell action (γδ T cells)
69
Which cells are activated by Th1 cells and how?
Macrophages - IFNγ
70
Which cells are activated by Th2 cells and how?
Eosinophils - IL-4, 5, 13
71
Which cells are activated by Th17 cells and how?
Neutrophils - IL-17,22
72
Which pathogens do macrophages defend against?
Intracellular pathogens
73
Which cells activate macrophages and how?
Th1 cells - IFNγ
74
Which pathogens do eosinophils defend against?
Helminths
75
Which pathogens do neutrophils defend against?
Extracellular bacteria and fungi
76
Which cells activate eosinophils and how?
Th2 cells - IL-4, 5, 13
77
Which cells activate neutrophils and how?
Th17 cells - IL-17, 22
78
What are the 3 stages of lymphocytes?
1. Naive 2. Activated 3. Memory
79
What drives cell maturation?
Gene expression (via cytokines)
80
How long does the innate immune response last?
12 hours
81
When does the adaptive immune response start?
After around 12 hours
82
How long does it take for lymphocytes to be activated?
Around 3 days
83
When do naive, active, plasma and memory B cells act?
- Naive ---> 1 day after infection - Active ---> 3 days - Plasma ---> 5 days - Memory ---> secondary infection
84
Why does age affect immunity?
Thymic involution
85
What is type 1 immunity?
Immune response to viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi
86
What is type 2 immunity?
Immune response to helminths, allergens, venom
87
Which cells detect the type of pathogen?
DCs
88
Which lymphocytes primarily act against viruses?
CTLs
89
Which lymphocytes primarily act against intracellular bacteria and protozoa?
Th1 cells
90
Which lymphocytes primarily act against extracellular bacteria and fungi?
Th17 cells
91
Which lymphocytes primarily act against helminths, allergens and venoms?
Th2 cells
92
Which interleukins are involved in all pathogen responses? (2)
1. IL-6 2. IL-1β
93
What are examples of 10 immune-related diseases?
1. Complement dysfunction 2. Leukocyte adhesion dysfunction 3. Chronic granulomatous disease 4. Chediak-Higashi syndrome 5. Cytokine dysfunction 6. SCID (Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency) 7. X-linked agammaglobulinaemia 8. HIV 9. Immunosuppression by cancer treatment 10. Immunosuppression by graft rejection or chronic disease
94
How does complement dysfunction arise?
Complement gene mutations
95
How does leukocyte adhesion arise?
Migration and adhesion gene mutations
96
How does chronic granulomatous disease arise?
ROS deficiency
97
How does Chediak-Higashi syndrome arise?
Lysosome dysfunction
98
What does cytokine dysfunction lead to?
Loss of of immune cell-to-cell communication
99
How does SCID arise?
Sever T and B deficiency/dysfunction
100
How does X-linked agammaglobinaemia arise?
IgG deficiency
101
How does AIDS arise?
Th cell deficiency via HIV
102
How does irradiation/chemotherapy affect immunity?
Loss of bone-marrow precursors ---> lymphocyte deficiency
103
What do complement protein gene mutations cause?
Complement protein dysfunction
104
What do migration/adhesion gene mutations cause?
Leukocyte adhesion dysfunction
105
What do ROS deficiency cause?
Chronic granulomatous disease
106
What do dysfunctional lysosomes cause?
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
107
What causes loss of immune cell-to-cell communication?
Cytokine/receptor gene mutations
108
What does severe T and B cell deficiency cause?
SCID
109
What does IgG deficiency cause?
X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
110
What does Th cell deficiency cause?
AIDS
111
What can cause depletion/impairment of lymphocytes?
1. Cancer treatments (irradiation/chemotherapy) 2. Graft rejection drugs 3. Chronic diseases
112
How do cancer therapies affect the immune system?
Irradiation/chemotherapy ---> lose bone-marrow precursors ---> lymphocyte deficiencies

1.3 POM Immunology (13 decks)

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