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1.3 POM Immunology > Immune Sequence and Timing > Flashcards

Immune Sequence and Timing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 steps of the immune response sequence?

A
  1. Microbial detection
  2. Innate immune response
  3. Adaptive immune response
  4. Memory response
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2
Q

Which 4 cell types are involved in the innate immune response?

A
  1. Epithelia
  2. Phagocytes
  3. NK cells
  4. Innate lymphoid cells
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3
Q

Which 3 cell types are involved in the adaptive immune response?

A
  1. Lymphoid tissue
  2. T and B lymphocytes
  3. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
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4
Q

Which cell type is involved in the memory response?

A

Memory T and B cells

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5
Q

How are immune responses triggered? (2)

A

MAMPS and DAMPS

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6
Q

What are MAMPS?

A

Microbe Associated Molecular Patterns

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of MAMPS?

A
  1. Bacterial
  2. Viral
  3. Fungal
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8
Q

What are the 2 bacterial MAMPS?

A
  1. LPS - gram-negative only
  2. Peptidoglycan
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9
Q

What is a MAMP in fungi?

A

Beta-glucan cell wall

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10
Q

What are the 2 viral MAMPS?

A
  1. Surface glycoproteins
  2. Nucleic acids
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11
Q

What are DAMPS?

A

Danger Associated Molecular Patterns

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12
Q

What are the 3 DAMPS?

A
  1. ATP —> released from dead cells
  2. Alarmins
  3. Some cytokines
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13
Q

What are the 3 parts of an innate immune response?

A
  1. Physical barriers
  2. Humoral response
  3. Cellular response
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14
Q

What are the 2 parts of an adaptive immune response?

A
  1. Humoral
  2. Cellular
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15
Q

What is involved in physical barriers as part of the innate immune response? (3)

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous
  3. Epithelial cells
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16
Q

Which molecules are involved in the innate humoral response? (4)

A
  1. Complement proteins
  2. Lectins
  3. Pentraxins
  4. Antimicrobial peptides
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17
Q

Which cells are involved in the innate cellular response? (4)

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Macrophages
  3. DCs
  4. NK cells
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18
Q

Which molecules are involved in the adaptive humoral response? (2)

A
  1. Antibodies
  2. Complement proteins
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19
Q

Which cells are involved in the adaptive cellular response? (5)

A
  1. CTLs
  2. Th cells
  3. Treg cells
  4. B lymphocytes
  5. Plasma cells
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20
Q

What are the 5 differences between the innate and adaptive immune response?

A
  1. Timing
  2. Cell types
  3. Receptors and ligands
  4. Cytokines
  5. Molecular effector machineries
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21
Q

How is pathogen specificity different in the innate vs adaptive immune response?

A

Innate:
- Differentiates between type of pathogen
- Uses PAMPS (10^3)

Adaptive:
- Differentiates between specific pathogens
- Uses antibodies (10^15)

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22
Q

How are the receptors different in the innate vs adaptive immune response?

A

Innate:
- Limited diversity
- Encoded in germline
- <100

Adaptive:
- Greater diversity
- Encoded by genes
- Millions of TCRs and antibodies

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23
Q

How is the distribution of receptors different in the innate vs adaptive immune response?

A

Innate:
- Non-clonal —> identical on same type of cell

Adaptive:
- Clonal —> lymphocyte receptors all different

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24
Q

What are pathogen niches?

A

Locations where a pathogen thrives

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25
Q

What are the 4 pathogen niches?

A
  1. Extracellular
  2. Intracellular vacuolar
  3. Surface adherent
  4. Intracellular cytosolic
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26
Q

What are 5 examples of extracellular pathogens?

A
  1. Staphylococcus
  2. Streptococcus
  3. Candida
  4. Microbiota
  5. Worms
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27
Q

What are 5 examples of intracellular vacuolar pathogens?

A
  1. Salmonella
  2. Chlamydia
  3. Legionella
  4. Coxiella
  5. Plasmodium
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28
Q

What is an example of a surface adherent pathogen?

A

E. coli (enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic)

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29
Q

What are 4 examples of intracellular cytosolic pathogens?

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Listeria
  3. Burkholderia
  4. Mycobacterium
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30
Q

What are the 2 stimulants of an immune response?

A
  1. Tissue damage
  2. Pathogens
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31
Q

Which cell first responds to an infection and how?

A

Neutrophils

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32
Q

What issues do uncontrolled phagocytes pose? (3)

A
  1. Granulomas in TB
  2. Excessive inflammation
  3. Tissue damage —> blocks resolution of inflammation
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33
Q

How do phagocytes respond to bacteria? (3)

A
  1. Inflammasome activation
  2. Inflammatory cytokine release
  3. Antimicrobial, metabolic and immunomodulatory genes expressed
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34
Q

How do phagocytes respond to fungi? (2)

A
  1. Proinflammatory cytokines released
  2. Antimicrobial, metabolic and immunomodulatory genes expressed
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35
Q

How do phagocytes respond to viruses? (4)

A
  1. Proinflammatory cytokines released
  2. IFN production
  3. Antiviral and immunomodulatory genes
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36
Q

Which chemicals allow for communication between immune cells?

A

Cytokines

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37
Q

What are 3 examples of cytokines?

A
  1. Chemokines
  2. Interferons
  3. Interleukins
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38
Q

What is the sequence of activating host-cells in response to an infection? (4)

A
  1. Microbial ligand detection
  2. Naive host-cells recruited —> gene expression changes
  3. Cytokines and chemokines released —> send signals
  4. Host-cells activated
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39
Q

What is macrophage activation?

A

Expression of new genes induced by microbes and cytokines

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40
Q

What is enhanced in IFNγ-activated macrophages? (5)

A
  1. Phagocytosis and migration
  2. Cytokine production
  3. Expression of cell surface molecules
  4. Antimicrobial activity
  5. Antigen presentation —> T cell activation
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41
Q

What are the 2 routes of macrophage stimulation?

A
  1. IFNγ-activated
  2. Alternatively activated
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42
Q

Which 5 cytokines activate non IFNγ-activated macrophages?

A
  1. IL-12
  2. IL-18
  3. IL-1β
  4. TNF
  5. IL-6
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43
Q

What is IFN?

A

Interferon

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44
Q

What is the function of IFNs?

A

Viral immune response via transcription of antimicrobial genes

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45
Q

Which cytokines promote antiviral defense?

A

IFN

46
Q

What are the 3 types of IFNs?

A
  1. Type I —> IFNα/β
  2. Type II —> IFNγ
  3. Type III —> IFNλ
47
Q

What is the action of type I IFN?

A

Antiviral

48
Q

What are the 3 actions of type II IFN?

A
  1. Antiviral
  2. Antibacterial
  3. Th1 skewing
49
Q

What are the 2 actions of type III IFN?

A
  1. Antiviral
  2. Mucosal immunity
50
Q

How do IFNs act against viral particles? (6)

A

Antiviral gene expression:
1. Nucleases produced
2. Inhibits viral entry/exit
3. Inhibits viral uncoating and replication
4. Inhibitprotein translation

Immunomodulatory:
5. Enhance T-cell response via inc MHC expression
6. Anti-inflammatory

51
Q

What is pyroptosis?

A

Programmed cell death associated with inflammation via rupture of the cell membrane

52
Q

Which 2 cells kill virus-infected cells?

A
  1. CTLs
  2. NK cells
    - Contact-dependant killing
53
Q

How are bacteria-infected cells killed?

A

Cell-intrinsic death

54
Q

What is contact-dependant killing of infected cells?

A

Cell death via direct interaction with immune cells (CTLs and NK cells)

55
Q

What is cell-intrinsic killing of infected cells?

A

Cell death via inherent cellular mechanisms

56
Q

What are the 4 molecules involved in soluble effector mechanisms of an innate immune response?

A
  1. Complement —> bacterial destruction
  2. Lectin —> binds to neutralise pathogen attachment/entry
  3. Siderophores —> iron chelation prevents replication
  4. Antibiotic-like peptides
57
Q

What can complement proteins do during an innate immune response?

A

Stimulates bacterial destruction

58
Q

What can lectins do during an innate immune response?

A

Binds to neutralise pathogen attachment/entry

59
Q

What can siderophores do during an innate immune response?

A

Iron chelation —> prevents replication

60
Q

What can antibiotic-like peptides do during an innate immune response?

A

Kill bacteria

61
Q

What are the 2 cellular effector mechanisms of an innate immune response?

A
  1. ROS and nitrogen radicals
  2. Acidification and digestion via phagosomes
62
Q

Which mechanisms lead to killing of microbes in the innate immune response? (2)

A
  1. Soluble effector mechanisms
  2. Cellular effector mechanisms
63
Q

Which cells activate T cells in the adaptive immune response? (2)

A

APCs:
1. Macrophages
2. DC cells

64
Q

Which chemicals create a suitable environment for T-cell avtivation?

A

Cytokines produced by APCs
- IL-12 and TNF

65
Q

How can T cells activate phagocytes?

A

Cytokines
- IFNγ and IL-17

66
Q

What are the 2 steps proceeding B cell activation?

A
  1. APC activation - by infection and cytokines
  2. T cell activation - by cognate MHCs and foreign peptide recognition
67
Q

What are the 2 antibody-mediated immune responses?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Complement activation
68
Q

What are the classifications of T cell function?

A
  1. Phagocyte activation
  2. Direct killing of infected cells
  3. B cell activation
  4. Innate lymphoid cell action (γδ T cells)
69
Q

Which cells are activated by Th1 cells and how?

A

Macrophages
- IFNγ

70
Q

Which cells are activated by Th2 cells and how?

A

Eosinophils
- IL-4, 5, 13

71
Q

Which cells are activated by Th17 cells and how?

A

Neutrophils
- IL-17,22

72
Q

Which pathogens do macrophages defend against?

A

Intracellular pathogens

73
Q

Which cells activate macrophages and how?

A

Th1 cells
- IFNγ

74
Q

Which pathogens do eosinophils defend against?

A

Helminths

75
Q

Which pathogens do neutrophils defend against?

A

Extracellular bacteria and fungi

76
Q

Which cells activate eosinophils and how?

A

Th2 cells
- IL-4, 5, 13

77
Q

Which cells activate neutrophils and how?

A

Th17 cells
- IL-17, 22

78
Q

What are the 3 stages of lymphocytes?

A
  1. Naive
  2. Activated
  3. Memory
79
Q

What drives cell maturation?

A

Gene expression (via cytokines)

80
Q

How long does the innate immune response last?

A

12 hours

81
Q

When does the adaptive immune response start?

A

After around 12 hours

82
Q

How long does it take for lymphocytes to be activated?

A

Around 3 days

83
Q

When do naive, active, plasma and memory B cells act?

A
  • Naive —> 1 day after infection
  • Active —> 3 days
  • Plasma —> 5 days
  • Memory —> secondary infection
84
Q

Why does age affect immunity?

A

Thymic involution

85
Q

What is type 1 immunity?

A

Immune response to viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi

86
Q

What is type 2 immunity?

A

Immune response to helminths, allergens, venom

87
Q

Which cells detect the type of pathogen?

A

DCs

88
Q

Which lymphocytes primarily act against viruses?

A

CTLs

89
Q

Which lymphocytes primarily act against intracellular bacteria and protozoa?

A

Th1 cells

90
Q

Which lymphocytes primarily act against extracellular bacteria and fungi?

A

Th17 cells

91
Q

Which lymphocytes primarily act against helminths, allergens and venoms?

A

Th2 cells

92
Q

Which interleukins are involved in all pathogen responses? (2)

A
  1. IL-6
  2. IL-1β
93
Q

What are examples of 10 immune-related diseases?

A
  1. Complement dysfunction
  2. Leukocyte adhesion dysfunction
  3. Chronic granulomatous disease
  4. Chediak-Higashi syndrome
  5. Cytokine dysfunction
  6. SCID (Severe Combined ImmunoDeficiency)
  7. X-linked agammaglobulinaemia
  8. HIV
  9. Immunosuppression by cancer treatment
  10. Immunosuppression by graft rejection or chronic disease
94
Q

How does complement dysfunction arise?

A

Complement gene mutations

95
Q

How does leukocyte adhesion arise?

A

Migration and adhesion gene mutations

96
Q

How does chronic granulomatous disease arise?

A

ROS deficiency

97
Q

How does Chediak-Higashi syndrome arise?

A

Lysosome dysfunction

98
Q

What does cytokine dysfunction lead to?

A

Loss of of immune cell-to-cell communication

99
Q

How does SCID arise?

A

Sever T and B deficiency/dysfunction

100
Q

How does X-linked agammaglobinaemia arise?

A

IgG deficiency

101
Q

How does AIDS arise?

A

Th cell deficiency via HIV

102
Q

How does irradiation/chemotherapy affect immunity?

A

Loss of bone-marrow precursors —> lymphocyte deficiency

103
Q

What do complement protein gene mutations cause?

A

Complement protein dysfunction

104
Q

What do migration/adhesion gene mutations cause?

A

Leukocyte adhesion dysfunction

105
Q

What do ROS deficiency cause?

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

106
Q

What do dysfunctional lysosomes cause?

A

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

107
Q

What causes loss of immune cell-to-cell communication?

A

Cytokine/receptor gene mutations

108
Q

What does severe T and B cell deficiency cause?

A

SCID

109
Q

What does IgG deficiency cause?

A

X-linked agammaglobulinaemia

110
Q

What does Th cell deficiency cause?

A

AIDS

111
Q

What can cause depletion/impairment of lymphocytes?

A
  1. Cancer treatments (irradiation/chemotherapy)
  2. Graft rejection drugs
  3. Chronic diseases
112
Q

How do cancer therapies affect the immune system?

A

Irradiation/chemotherapy —> lose bone-marrow precursors —> lymphocyte deficiencies

1.3 POM Immunology (13 decks)

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