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1.3 POM Immunology > Lymphoid Tissues > Flashcards

Lymphoid Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Lymphatic vessels
  2. Lymphoid tissue
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2
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphoid tissue?

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
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3
Q

What are the 7 main lymph nodes?

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Axillary (armpit)
  3. Mesenteric (abdomen)
  4. Para-aortic
  5. Inguinal (leg meets body)
  6. Popliteal (behind knee)
  7. Superficial and deep (all around)
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4
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Where lymphopoiesis occurs

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5
Q

What are the 3 primary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Fetal liver
  2. Bone marrow
  3. Thymus
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6
Q

Which 2 cells are comprise the adaptive immune response?

A
  1. T lymphocytes
  2. B lymphocytes
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7
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

2nd line immune defence

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8
Q

What are the 2 hallmarks of the adaptive immune response?

A
  1. Specificity
  2. Memory
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9
Q

How are lymphoid organs structured to facilitate adaptive immunity?

A
  • All around the body
  • Keep B and T lymphocytes separated
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10
Q

What is the immunological repertoire?

A

The range of distinct T or B lymphocytes in a host

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11
Q

What are the 2 sites of haematopoiesis in a foetus?

A
  1. All bones
  2. Liver/spleen
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12
Q

Which 4 bones does haematopoiesis occur in in adults?

A
  1. Vertebrae
  2. Iliac bones (in pelvis)
  3. Ribs
  4. End of long limb bones (eg. femur)
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13
Q

What can be seen in the cross-section of bone marrow? (2)

A
  1. Inner yellow marrow —> fat
  2. Outer red marrow —> lymphopoiesis
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14
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

Sits on heart

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15
Q

What are the 3 steps of stepwise differentiation of T cells in the thymus?

A
  1. Positive selection
  2. Negative selection
  3. Final selection and exit
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16
Q

What is positive vs negative T cell selection?

A
  1. Positive —> check TCRs (receptors) are expressed
    - check if can recognise antigens
  2. Negative —> check T cells don’t react to self-antigens
    - prevent autoimmune disease
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17
Q

Where does positive and negative T cell selection occur?

A

Thymus

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18
Q

What happens to the thymus over time?

A

Thymic involution

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19
Q

What is thymic involution?

A

Thymus shrinks with age
(Adipose tissue replaces functional thymic tissue)

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20
Q

What is the TCR?

A

T cell repertoire

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21
Q

How many different T cells do genes allow for?

A

10^15-10^20

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22
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Where lymphocytes can interact with antigens and other lymphocytes

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23
Q

Why is the lymphatic system needed?

A

Need to specific lymphocyte to pathogen which may lie anywhere in the body

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24
Q

What are 6 secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Tonsils
  2. Spleen
  3. Lymph nodes
  4. Apendix
  5. Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
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25
Q

How are different lymphoid tissues interconnected? (2)

A
  1. Lymphatic system (lymph in vessels)
  2. Blood
26
Q

Are lymphoid tissues always whole organs?

A

No-may just be part of the organ

27
Q

What are afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels mean?

A
  1. Afferent —> takes lymph into node
  2. Efferent —> takes lymph out of node
28
Q

What happens at an activated germinal centre?

A

B cells undergo mutation and selection to generate high affinity antibodies

29
Q

What are the 7 parts of a lymph node?

A
  1. Afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels
  2. Artery and vein
  3. Medullary sinus (innermost)
  4. T cell area
  5. Germinal centre
  6. Lymphoid follicle (mostly B cells)
  7. Marginal sinus (outermost)
30
Q

Where is lymph in the spleen?

A

Inner white pulp
(Surrounded by outer red pulp)

31
Q

What is the first line of defence against infection?

A

Epithelial barriers

32
Q

Where do lymph nodes cluster? (3)

A
  1. Near mucosal tissue (GI/U/R tracts etc.)
  2. End of long limbs
33
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A

Type of MALT

34
Q

Where are Peyer’s patches found?

A

Below epithelium of ileum

35
Q

Why are Peyer’s patches present under the ileum’s epthelium? (2)

A
  1. Lots of entry of pathogens from food
  2. Maintain microbiome balance
36
Q

What do follicles contain many of?

A

Germinal centres —> B cells

37
Q

What is the arrangement of Peyer’s patches and follicles?

A

Follicles lie under Peyer’s patches

38
Q

What are the 4 types of tonsils?

A
  1. Pharyngeal (pharynx between nose and mouth)
  2. Tubular (opening of auditory tubes)
  3. Palantine (back of throat)
  4. Lingual (base of tongue)
39
Q

Where do tonsils encircle?

A

Oral and nasal cavity

40
Q

How are tonsils activated?

A

Oral antigens

41
Q

What is the Waldeyer ring?

A

Ring of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx
- contains all 4 types of tonsils

42
Q

What do tonsils contain many of? (2)

A
  1. Germinal centres
  2. Lymphoid follicles
43
Q

How do lymphocytes and antigens reach secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Drained into lymph —> travels through lymphatic vessels

44
Q

Where are secondary lymphoid organs distributed?

A

All around the body

45
Q

How much lymph is returned to the blood each day?

A

2-3L

46
Q

How frequently does each naive T cell recirculate?

A

Every 24 hours

47
Q

What is retained at sites of inflammation?

A

B and T cells

48
Q

How are naive T cells moved into lymph nodes? (

A

Extravasation through high endothelial venules (HEVs)
1. Chemotaxis
2. Adhesion
3. Rolling
4. Activation
5. Arrest
6. Diapedesis

49
Q

Which 2 naive T cell proteins bind to HEVs for extravasation?

A
  1. Selectin (L-selectin to CD34)
  2. Integrin (LFA-1 to ICAM-1)
50
Q

Where does naive cell extravasation occur?

A

High endothelial venules

51
Q

Why do wounds lead to inflammation?

A

Drain lots of fluid to site —> dentritic cells and lymphocytes reach area

52
Q

What is antigen presentation?

A

Display of antigens to T cell via MHC I or II (major histocompatibility complexes)

53
Q

Which cells immediately respond to wounding and why?

A

Dendritic cells

54
Q

Where do dendritic cells migrate to when skin is infected and why?

A

Lymph nodes via afferent lymph
- Present antigen to T cells

55
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A

Dendritic cells in the skin that detect the presence of pathogens or antigens at the site of infection

56
Q

What are intraepidermal lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes in skin epidermis

57
Q

How are antigens presented by denritic cells? (4)

A
  1. Phagocytosis or intracellular viral protein production gets antigen inside DC
  2. Antigens degraded to small protein fragments
  3. ER converts fragments to MHC-I
  4. MHC-I presented on DC surface membrane
58
Q

Where do antigens and their specific T cell usually meet?

A

Lymph nodes

59
Q

When do we generate most of our naive T cells?

A

Childhood

60
Q

What happens to naive T cells that do not show proper positive or negative selection?

A

Apoptosis

1.3 POM Immunology (13 decks)

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