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1.3 POM Immunology > Microbial Infection > Flashcards

Microbial Infection Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 types of microbial infection?

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Bacteria
  3. Fungi
  4. Protozoa
  5. Helminths
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2
Q

What are viruses?

A

Obligate parasites

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3
Q

Why are viruses not cells?

A

Replicate using host-cell machinery

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4
Q

How do viruses divide? (2)

A
  1. Budding out
  2. Cytolysis
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5
Q

What are the 4 routes of viral infection?

A
  1. Faecal-oral
  2. Airborne
  3. Insect vectors
  4. Blood borne
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6
Q

Are viruses host specific?

A

Yes

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7
Q

What are 4 important examples of viral infections?

A
  1. HIV
  2. Small pox
  3. Polio
  4. HPV
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8
Q

What type of virus is HIV and why?

A

Retrovirus
- Reverse transcriptase required to turn RNA to DNA before DNA replication

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9
Q

Which virus was the first to be eradicated?

A

Small pox

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10
Q

Why could smallpox be eradicated? (3)

A
  1. Easily detected by rash
  2. Obligate —> only survive in humans
  3. Good vaccine
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11
Q

Which virus are we close to eradicating?

A

Polio

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12
Q

What type of cell are bacteria and why? (5)

A

Prokaryotes
1. No internal membranes
2. Haploid
3. Poorly defined cytoskeleton
4. Peptidoglycan cell wall
5. Binary fission

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13
Q

What are bacterial cell walls made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

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14
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

Binary fission

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15
Q

Why are mutations more likely to have a phenotypic effect in bacteria? (2)

A

Haploid

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16
Q

What are the 8 parts of a bacterial cell?

A
  1. Nucleoid
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Ribosomes
  4. Plasma membrane
  5. Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
  6. Capsule (not all)
  7. Pilus
  8. Flagella
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17
Q

What are 7 important examples of bacterial infections?

A
  1. Shigella
  2. Neisseria meningitidis —> meningitis
  3. Clostridium difficile
  4. MRSA
  5. Mycobacterium tuberculosis —> TB
  6. Helicobacter pylori
  7. E.coli
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18
Q

What part of the body does shigella effect?

A

GI tract

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19
Q

How is shigella transmitted?

A

Faecal-oral

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20
Q

What is the infectious dose of shigella?

A

10-100

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21
Q

How does shigella travel round the body?

A

Cell-to-cell spread using host actin
(No flagella)

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22
Q

What does shigella do in the body?

A

Destroy GI tract epithelium —> dysentery

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23
Q

What is the main symptom of neisseria meningitidis?

A

Meningitis

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24
Q

What does neisseria meningitidis cause in the body? (5)

A
  1. Septicaemia
  2. Septic shock
  3. Meningitis
  4. Severe inflammatory response
  5. Petechiae (purple/red spots)
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25
What proportion of people already have neisseria meningitidis as commensal bacteria?
20%
26
What are hospital acquired infections called?
Nocosomal
27
What are the 2 common nosocomial infections?
1. Clostridium difficile 2. MRSA
28
Why is learning about tuberculosis important?
No1 infectious killer after Covid
29
How long does treatment take for those with drug-resistant vs non-resistant TB?
1. Non-resistant ---> 6 months 2. Resistant ---> 9-12 months
30
What bacteria causes tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
31
How is TB treatment/prevention developing? (3)
1. New drugs to combat resistance 2. Better vaccines 3. Better diagnosis tools
32
What scan is used to identify TB?
PET-CT
33
Why is there FDG uptake in TB PET-CT scans?
Lots of immune response ---> high metabolic activity ---> see heat
34
What does helicobacter pylori cause in the body? (2)
1. Peptic ulcers 2. Gastric cancer
35
What is unique about helicobacter pylori?
Multiple flagella
36
When is E.coli present in the body?
Always in non-pathogenic gut
37
When does E.coli become pathogenic?
Mutated
38
What is the generation time of E.coli?
20 mins
39
What is the generation time of mycobacterium tuberculosis?
20 hours
40
What are the point mutation rates for humans, bacteria and viruses?
- Human ---> 10-8 - Bacteria ---> 10-8 - Viruses ---> 10-4
41
Why do bacteria evolve so quickly?
- Short generation time - Haploid
42
What are the 3 eukaryotic microbial infectious agents?
1. Fungi 2. Protozoa 3. Helminths
43
What type of cells are fungi?
Eukaryotic
44
What do fungi cause in the body?
Mycoses 1. Cutaneous 2. Mucosal 3. Stystemic
45
What are fungi present as? (2)
1. Yeast 2. Filaments
46
How does yeast fungi replicate?
1. Bud 2. Divide
47
What are present in fungi filaments?
Cross walls/septa
48
What is an important example of a fungal infection?
Candida albicans
49
What are 3 infections caused by candida albicans?
1. Oral thrush 2. Vaginal yeast infection 3. Bloodstream infections
50
What are protozoa?
Unicellular eukaryotic organisms
51
How do protozoa replicate? (2)
1. Binary fission 2. Trophozoite formation
52
Which 3 parts of the body do protozoa parasites infect?
1. Intestinal 2. Blood 3. Tissue
53
How are protozoal infections acquired?
Insect vector or by contact with an infected substance/surface
54
What is involved in the life cycle of a protozoa?
2 hosts
55
What are 2 important examples of protozoal infections?
1. Malaria 2. Leishmaniasis
56
Which vectors transmit malaria?
Plasmodium
57
How do plasmodium protozoa replicate?
Trophozoite formation
58
Which 2 parts of the body do malaria parasites infect?
1. Blood 2. Tissues
59
How are cells infected with malaria indicated on a blood film?
Large with lots of granule-looking spots inside
60
Which genus of protozoa cause leishmaniasis?
Leishmania
61
Which vector transmits leishmaniasis?
Sandfly vector
62
Which 2 parts of the body do leishmaniasis parasites infect?
1. Blood 2. Tissues
63
How do leishmania protozoa replicate?
Trophozoite formation
64
How is leishmaniasis indicated on a blood film?
Very distinct ---> look at picture
65
What are the symptoms of leishmania? (3)
1. Skin lesions 2. Ulcers 3. Facial disfigurement
66
What are the symptoms of malaria?
1. Fever 2. Cognitive impairment 3. Anaemia 4. Jaundice
67
What type of disease does leishmaniasis cause? (2)
1. Cutaneous 2. Visceral
68
What are helminths?
Multicellular eukaryotic cells (metazoa)
69
What is special about the life cycle of helminths?
Outside human host
70
What are 3 important examples of helminths?
1. Roundworms - ascaris 2. Flatworms - flukes 3. Tapeworms
71
How are helminth infections transmitted?
Faecal-oral transmission
72
What type of helminth causes schistosomiasis?
Flukes
73
What are the 5 steps in the life cycle of flukes?
1. Egg 2. Miracidium 3. Snail intermediate host 4. Cercaria ---> burrows in skin ---> blood 5. Adult pair
74
What are the symptoms of schistosomiasis?
1. Fever 2. Intestinal/bladder/urogenital issues 3. Malnutrition 4. Genital lesions

1.3 POM Immunology (13 decks)

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