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MCAT Prep > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are antibodies made of proteins?

A

proteins

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2
Q

How many subunits do antibodies have?

A

4 subunits

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

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3
Q

What type of bonds do antibodies have?

A

disulfide bonds

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4
Q

hypervariable site of an antigen

A

1:1 specificity of antibody to antigen

large genetic diversity in hypervariable site

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5
Q

epitope

A

site where an antigen is recognized by an antibody

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6
Q

difference between leukocytes versus lymphocytes

A

leukocytes: general name for all white blood cells
lymphocytes: type of leukocytes. T-cells, B-cells, NKs

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7
Q

Are leukocytes nucleated?

A

yes

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8
Q

Neutrophils

A

type of leukocytes that quickly track down pathogens/bacteria and phagocytze them

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9
Q

NK cells

A

destroy damaged / infected body cells

straddle the innate and adaptive immune system because they destroy cells targeted by the adapative system

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10
Q

Types of monocytes

A

macrophages and dendridic cells

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11
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytosis of general extracellular debris

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12
Q

dendriditic cells

A

involved in the allergic reaction pathway

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13
Q

basophils

A

inflammatory cells that release histamine as part of allergic response

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14
Q

eosinophils

A

target parasitic infections

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15
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of red and white blood cells in bone marrow

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16
Q

what happens when diseases attack the bone marrow?

A

results in an underesponsive immune response

patient is suspectible to disease

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17
Q

example of diseases that attack the bone marrow

A

leukemia

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18
Q

how to treat leukemia and HIV?

A

bone marrow transplant

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19
Q

Spleen and the immune system

A

spleen’s white pulp is important for B-cell activation

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20
Q

Thymus

A

small organ in the chest where T-cells are educated and matured

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21
Q

lymph

A

colorless, lipid rich fluid that flows through lymphatic system

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22
Q

Does lymphatic system transport carbohydrates or lipids?

A

lipids

lymph is lipid rich

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23
Q

What do lymph nodes contain?

A

high concentrations of T and B cells

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24
Q

granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

involved in the innate immune response

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25
Q

Main functions of the lymphatic system

A

1) Maintain fluid balance
2) collect and return interstitial fluid to circultation
3) lipid and cell transport
4) producing lymphocytes

26
Q

autoimmunity

A

action of immune system directed towards healthy host tissues

too reactive immune system

27
Q

Examples of autoimmune diseases

A

allergies and rheumatoid arthertis

28
Q

How does the mouth first protect against foreign bodies?

A

saliva contains lysozyme that breaks down bacterial cell wall

29
Q

How do neutrophils work?

A

they are part of the innate immune system

follow chemotaxic signals to site of infection and then engulf foreign bodies

30
Q

complement system

A

proteins tag cells for destruction as part of the innate immune system

31
Q

inflammation

A

vasodilation at site of infection

increases heat, swelling, pain, redness

32
Q

NSAID

A

antiflammatory drugs

33
Q

cytokines

A

small proteins that are involved in immune system signaling

34
Q

interferons

A

example of cytokines that are released in viral attacks

35
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

the thymus

36
Q

Thymic cortex

A

removes cells that do not react appropriately to pathogens

removes underreactive T-cells

37
Q

Thymic medulla

A

removes T-cells that overreact to pathogens

38
Q

Cell mediate response

A

MHCs and T-cells

39
Q

Humoral response

A

B-cells, plasma cells, and antibodies

40
Q

Where are MHC1 receptors found?

A

presented on all cells

41
Q

Which type of T-cells recognize MHC1 antigens?

A

CD8 killer T-cells

cytotoxic T-cells

42
Q

Which type of T-cells recognize MHC2 antigens?

A

CD4 helper T-cells

43
Q

What type of receptor would viral antigens present on?

A

MHC1 receptors

virsus’s dna is in the host cell

normal host cell presents information on MHC1 receptor

44
Q

What type of receptor would bacteria antigens present on?

A

MHC2 receptors

macrophages and dendritic cells would have engulfed the bacteria and destroyed it, then presented the bacteria’s antigen

45
Q

Where are MHC2 receptors found?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

after these cells engulf and destroy bacteria, they present the pathogen’s antigens on the MHC2 receptors

46
Q

What happens when CD4 T-cells recognize antigens?

A

helper T-cells secrete cytokines

cytokines recruit innate immune system cells

47
Q

What type of cells can become memory cells?

A

Killer T-cells, helper T-cells, B-cells

48
Q

plasma cells

A

part of the humoral response

make and secrete large amount of antibodies

49
Q

passive immunity

A

antibodies produced by one organism and transferred to another

mother passes antibodies to offspring

50
Q

suppressor T-cells

A

regulate B and T-cells to decrease anti-antigen activity

51
Q

active immunity

A

antibodies are produced during immune response

52
Q

immunoglobin

A

a type of antibody

abbreviated Ig

53
Q

Which type of leukocyte primarily distinguishes between self and non-self? How?

A

T-cells by recognizing MHC receptors

54
Q

What type of cells will normally present an unknown antigen on MHC1 receptors?

A

cells infected with a virus

cancerous cells

55
Q

peristalsis

A

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine

56
Q

how does peristalsis contribute to the immune system?

A

pathogens can’t latch onto the intestines and start a colony there

57
Q

magophages versus phagocytes

A

macrophages are a specific form of phagocytes

58
Q

opsonization

A

when complement proteins tag pathogens for destruction

59
Q

cytokine storm

A

positive feedback loop where too many cytokines triggers the immune response which makes more cytokines

results in over active immune system

60
Q

What happens to activated B-cells?

A

they either become plasma cells and secrete large amount of antibodies

or they become memory B-cells

61
Q

autoimmune diseases versus allergies

A

both are over reactive immune systems

allergies over react to harmless foreign cells

autoimmune diseases over react to self cells

MCAT Prep (22 decks)

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