Reproduction and Development

Question 1

gonads

Answer 1

where gametes are made

Question 2

male gonad

Answer 2

testes

Question 3

female gonad

Answer 3

ovaries

Question 4

where are testes contained?

Answer 4

in the scrotum

Question 5

cremaster muscle

Answer 5

contracts to draw in testes when cold

Question 6

Leydig cells

Answer 6

produce testerone

Question 7

epididymis

Answer 7

sperm mature here and gain ability to move

Question 8

seminal vesicles

Answer 8

generate nutrients for semen

Question 9

cowper’s gland

Answer 9

produces pre-ejaculate to neutralize and lubricate uretha

Question 10

path sperm travels

Answer 10

SEVEN UP

```
seminferous tubules
epididymis
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
nothing
uretha
penis
~~~

Question 11

semen

Answer 11

not the same as sperm!

alkaline transporting fluid

Question 12

endometrium

Answer 12

changes thickness during menstrual cycle in anticipation of implantation

Question 13

general steps of spermatogenesis

Answer 13

mitosis
meiosis I 
meiosis II
spermatid
sperm

Question 14

general steps of oogenesis

Answer 14

mitosis
primary oocyte is arrested in prophase I until puberty
meiosis I (one cell dies)
meiosis II is completed only with fertilization
one cells dies and other becomes 2n zygote

Question 15

How does sperm enter the egg?

Answer 15

has to use an acrosome reaction to enter the zona pellucida

Question 16

How does the egg prevent other sperm from attaching?

Answer 16

releases cortical granules

Question 17

blastocyst

Answer 17

fluid filled cavity with outer layer that will become the placenta and inner layer will develop into the fetus

Question 18

eptopic pregnancy

Answer 18

blastocyst does not implant itself in the uterine endometrium

Question 19

gastrulation

Answer 19

formation of 3 germ layers

Question 20

endoderm

Answer 20

urinary, digestion and respiratory tracts

Question 21

mesoderm

Answer 21

muscles, connective tissue, bone, circulatory system, kidneys, gonads

Question 22

ectoderm

Answer 22

nervous system and external structures

Question 23

nerulation

Answer 23

early formation of neural system

Question 24

How does the neural tube form?

Answer 24

the neural plate flolds

Question 25

Androgens

Answer 25

the class of hormones that testosterone is in

Question 26

secondary sex characteristics

Answer 26

refer to traits not directly involved in reproduction

Question 27

What hormone levels rise during pregnancy?

Answer 27

hCG, progesterone and estrogen

Question 28

hCG

Answer 28

maintains corpus luteum during pregnancy to produce estrogen and progesterone

Question 29

LH in males

Answer 29

stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone

Question 30

FSH in males

Answer 30

promotes spermatogenesis

Question 31

Three stages of the ovarian cycle

Answer 31

1) follicle matures during follicular phase
2) egg is released during ovulation
3) follicle is transformed into corpus luteum during luteal phase

Question 32

Ovarian follicle

Answer 32

A small, fluid-filled sac in the ovary that contains one immature egg

Question 33

Four stages of the uterine cycle

Answer 33

1) menstruation occurs
2) estrogen levels rise
3) proliferative phase where endometrium bulks up
4) secretory phase which overlaps with luteal and endometrium continues to grow

Question 34

When do FSH levels rise during ovarian cycle?

Answer 34

follicular phase

Question 35

What do rising estrogen levels allow for?

Answer 35

stimulates the development of the uterine endometrium

Question 36

What triggers ovulation?

Answer 36

LH

Question 37

What causes a rise in LH?

Answer 37

a rise in estrogen levels

Question 38

progesterone and the endometrium

Answer 38

during the luteal phase, endometrium is maintained by progesterone

Question 39

If hCG is present and corpus luteum is maintained, what happens to LH?

Answer 39

progesterone stops the production of LH so there is no more ovulation

Question 40

Which hormone is secreted if the ovum is fertilized?

Answer 40

hCG